chapter 5
accounting¹ for trading companies
credit memo² (credit note)---------sales return
debit memo--------purchase return
perpetual inventory³ system and periodic inventory system
*in a perpetual inventory system, a continuous record is kept for the cost of goods sold and the cost of stock on hand. it is usually employed for items that have high selling prices and costs that are easily determined⁴. when a sale occurs and a perpetual inventory system is used, two journal entries must be made at the same time, namely one journal entry to record sales and another entry to record cost of sales.
**a periodic inventory system is used when items are sold at a very low rice, when the cost of the individual items is not easily determined, or when high volumes of items are sold. cost of goods sold can only be determined by counting the unsold items in the warehouse⁵ at the end of the accounting period. under the periodic inventory system, the amount in the stock account remains⁶ unchanged during the accounting period.
special journals
special journals are used to record transactions efficiently⁷ and to summarize many similar transactions.
subsidiary ledger⁸
a subsidiary ledger is a group of similar accounts that are taken out of the general ledger and show details of every customer and supplier.
it should be noted⁹ that if subsidiary ledgers¹⁰ are used, an entry that affects a subsidiary ledger account must be posted twice---once to the subsidiary ledger account and once to the control account in the general ledger. dr. debtor¹¹ subsidiary ledger (named debtor) and debtors¹² account (as control account) cr. sales account

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