recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the united states unprecedented¹ opportunities-as well as new and significant risks. civil rights activists² have long argued that one of (5) the principal reasons why blacks, hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are gener- ated by large companies. now congress, in appar- (10) ent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. indeed, some federal and local agen- (15) cies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning⁴ parts of public works con- tracts³ to minority enterprises.
　　corporate⁵ response appears to have been sub- stantial. according to figures collected in 1977, (20) the total of corporate contracts with minority busi- nesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1. lbillion in 1977. the projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980 s is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no (25) letup anticipated in the next decade.
　　 promising⁶ as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage⁷ poses dangers for them, too. first, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most (30) are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. if, there- after, their subcontracts are for some reason (35) reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed⁸ expenses. the world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating⁹ for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. both consume valuable time and resources, and a (40) small company s efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale¹⁰ and the financial health of the business will suffer.
　　 a second risk is that white-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportion- (45) ments through formation of joint¹¹ ventures with minority-owned concerns. of course, in many instances there are legitimate¹² reasons for joint ventures; clearly, white and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could (50) acquire alone. but civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to congress about minorities being set up as "fronts" with white back- ing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.
(55)　third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often run the danger of becoming--and remaining-dependent.
even in the best of circumstances, fierce compe- tition from larger, more established companies (60) makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate bene- factor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.
1. the primary purpose of the passage is to
(a) present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies
(b) describe a situation and its potential drawbacks
(c) propose a temporary solution to a problem
(d) analyze¹³ a frequent source of disagreement
(e) explore the implications of a finding
2. the passage supplies information that would answer which of the following questions?
(a) what federal agencies have set percentage goals for the use of minority-owned businesses in public works contracts?
(b) to which government agencies must businesses awarded federal contracts report their efforts to find minority subcontractors?
(c) how widespread is the use of minority-owned concerns as "fronts" by white backers seeking to obtain subcontracts?
(d) how many more minority-owned businesses were there in 1977 than in 1972? (e) what is one set of conditions under which a small business might find itself financially over- extended?

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