GMAT阅读规律和套路(二)(2)
文章来源: 文章作者: 发布时间:2007-05-29 02:13 字体: [ ]  进入论坛
(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
GMAT阅读文章的套路

正如前文中讲的那样,GMAT阅读的套路性极强,概括地说,GMAT阅读的套路大致分为以下五种: 新老观点对比型、结论解释型、现象解释型、结论解释型和特别套路:

1. 新老观点对比型

· 判断标志:此类文章一般会在第一段提出一个“老观点” 。此处的“老观点”是指过去的、传统、大家一致公认的观点。而且通常GMAT提出老观点的时候会给予一些语言的提示,例如:it was traditionally assumed…it was once / usually believed… Many ××believed that…Many ××have argued… It was frequently assumed that…the common belief     It was universally accepted that…

· 接下去文章一般会提出新观点,通常会在第一段中部或第二段开头,而且也会有一些语言提示: 例如, But, Yet,However 或用时间状语表示强对比(例如 in the 1960‘s 和Recently)

范文节选:
    It has been frequently assumed, but not proved, that the majority of the migrants in what has come to be called the Great Migration1 came from rural areas and were motivated by two concurrent2 factors: ……..
    But the question of who actually left the South has never been rigorously investigated. ……..

范文节选:
    Federal efforts to aid minority businesses began in the 1960's when the Small Business Administration (SBA) ……..
    Recently federal policymakers have adopted an approach intended to accelerate development of the (15) minority business sector3 by moving away from directly.. ……..

·新观点特征:对同一主体给出不同的解释。

范文节选:
    Seeking a competitive advantage, some professional service firms(for example, firms providing advertising,  accounting5, or health care services) have considered offering unconditional6 guarantees of satisfaction. 。。。。an unconditional guarantee can be an effective marketing7 tool if the   ……..
   However, an unconditional guarantee can sometimes hinder marketing efforts. With its implication that fail……..

范文点评:
第一段说“无条件质量保证很有效” 而第二段首句说“无条件质量保证有时会阻碍营销活动”针对同一个“无条件质量保证”给出了截然相反的两个观点。

·行文套路:老观点--新观点---继续论述新观点
·阅读重点: 新观点

2、结论解释型

· 判断标志:开头是主题句(经常表现为判断句),后面“展开具体内容”。

范文节选:
Recent years have brought minority-owned
businesses in the United States unprecedented8
opportunities-as well as new and significant risks.
Civil rights activists9 have long argued that one of
(5)  the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and
other minority groups have difficulty establishing
themselves in business is that they lack access to
the sizable orders and subcontracts that are gener-
ated by large companies. Now Congress, in appar-
(10) ent agreement, has required by law that businesses
awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000
do their best to find minority subcontractors and
record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the
government. Indeed, some federal and local agen-
(15) cies have gone so far as to set specific percentage
goals for apportioning10 parts of public works con-
tracts to minority enterprises.
       Corporate11 response appears to have been sub-
stantial. According to figures collected in 1977,
(20) the total of corporate contracts with minority busi-
nesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1. lbillion
in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts
with minority businesses for the early 1980's is
estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no
(25) letup anticipated in the next decade.
  Promising12 as it is for minority businesses, this
increased patronage13 poses dangers for them, too.
First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and
overextending themselves financially, since most
(30) are small concerns and, unlike large businesses,
they often need to make substantial investments in
new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order
to perform work subcontracted to them. If, there-
after, their subcontracts are for some reason
(35) reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling
fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing
can be frustrating14 for small entrepreneurs who get
requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids.
Both consume valuable time and resources, and a
(40)  small company's efforts must soon result in
orders, or both the morale16 and the financial health
of the business will suffer.
   A second risk is that White-owned companies
may seek to cash in on the increasing apportion-
(45)  ments through formation of joint17 ventures with
minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many
instances there are legitimate18 reasons for joint
ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises
can team up to acquire business that neither could
(50) acquire alone. But civil rights groups and minority
business owners have complained to Congress about
minorities being set up as "fronts" with White back-
ing, rather than being accepted as full partners in
legitimate joint ventures.
(55)  Third, a minority enterprise that secures the
business of one large corporate customer often run
the danger of becoming--and remaining—dependent.
Even in the best of circumstances, fierce compe-
tition from larger, more established companies
(60)  makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden
their customer bases: when such firms have nearly
guaranteed orders from a single corporate bene-
factor, they may truly have to struggle against
complacency arising from their current success.

范文点评:
文章开头说“近年来, 少数民族企业迎来了前所未有的发展机会,但同时也面临着风险”然后第二段说“企业对少数民族企业的反应很积极”;第三段说“尽管前景很光明,但是少数民族企业也面临着风险”并说了第一个风险;第四段和第五段分别说了第二和第三个风险。所以很明显首段首句是全文的主题句.#p#

· 主题句通常为首句;
· 行文套路:总分结构

3、现象解释型

· 判断标志:
a. 首段给出一个自然的或社会的现象,往往很古怪,下文对其做出解释。
b. 文章前半部出现phenomenon,文章中部出现to explain ,interpret文章后半部评论出现 explanation interpretation19
范文节选:
    Historians of women's labor15 in the United States at first
  largely disregarded the story of female service workers
  -women earning wages in occupations such as salesclerk.
  domestic servant, and office secretary. These historians
 (5) focused instead on factory work, primarily because it
   seemed so different from traditional, unpaid20 "women's
   work" in the home, and because the underlying21 economic
   forces of industrialism were presumed to be gender-blind
   and hence emancipatory22 in effect. Unfortunately, emanci-
 (10) pation has been less profound than expected, for not even
   industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segre-
   gation in the workplace.
 To explain this unfinished revolution in the status of
   women, historians have recently begun to emphasize the
( 15) way a prevailing23 definition of femininity often etermines
   the kinds of work allocated24 to women, even when such ……

范文点评:
文章开始说出了一个现象:“工厂里的女工也没有逃脱性别隔离”,第二段试图解释这一现象。

· 主题句一般是作者给予正评价的解释。
· 行文套路:phenomenon---explanation---author’s attitude
· 阅读重点: 作者的态度评价

范文
A mysterious phenomenon is the ability of over-water migrants to travel on course. Birds, bees, and other species can keep track of time without any sensory25 cues from the outside world, and such “biological clocks” clearly contribute to their “compass sense.” For example, they can use the position of the Sun or stars, along with the time of day, to find north. But compass sense alone cannot explain how birds navigate26 the ocean: after a flock traveling east is blown far south by a storm, it will assume the proper northeasterly course to compensate27. Perhaps, some scientists thought, migrants determine their geographic28 position on Earth by celestial29 navigation, almost as human navigators use stars and planets, but this would demand of the animals a fantastic map sense. Researchers now know that some species have a magnetic sense, which might allow migrants to determine their geographic location by detecting variations in the strength of the Earth’s magnetic field.

范文点评:
 文章一开始就提出一个神秘现象:“鸟类按固定路线飞行”,接下去提出了“生物钟”这种解释,结果作者用But否定了;然后又提出“天文导航”,同样作者也用but否定了;最后作者又提出“磁场感觉”,基本得到了作者的肯定.

4、问题解决、回答型

· 判断标志:
a. 首段出现了设问句。“How such large creatures, which weighed in some cases as much as a piloted hang-glider and had wingspans from 8 to 12 meters, solved the problems of powered flight, and exactly what these creatures were--reptiles or birds-are among the questions scientists have puzzled over.”
b. 首段出现了以下四个词语之一:Problem  difficulty  task   puzzle challenge,    criteria  requirement “How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious30 social policy questions.”“Excess inventory31, a massive problem for many businesses, has several causes, some of which are unavoidable. Overstocks may accumulate through production overruns or …….
  errors.”

· TS  作者给予正评价的解决方案。
· 行文套路:problem(question)---solution(answers)---author ‘s attitude
· 阅读重点: 作者的态度评价 “In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate(表示负评价的实义动词) the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same dire4 consequences today as it did in the 1930's when most of the unemployed32 were primary breadwinners, when income and earnings33 were usually much closer to the margin34 of subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market.”

5、特别套路:

前面四种分类,都是根据文章的行文套路或者说是文章的“形式”来划分,而“特别套路”并非根据文章的“形式”,而是根据文章的“内容”,具体地说:如果有一篇GMAT文章是在“评述某人理论,评价某人著作或评判某人的观点”,那么这篇文章就是“特别套路”的GMAT文章。

· 判断标志
a. 开头出现:人名 (大写字母)+书名(斜体字母)Joseph Glarthaar's Forged in Battle is not the first excellent study of Black soldiers and their White officers in the Civil War, but it uses more soldiers' letters and diaries
b. 开头出现:人名+study, work analysis
· 主题句一般不是很明显,主要表现为对作品或观点的多个并列评价
· 行文套路
a. 一般会与前人比较,说出相同点(like),但是后面的部分必然会出现表示强对比(unlike)或强转折或 (But Yet However)的词汇,说明作者评价的这部作品或观点是“出彩”的
b. 对作品或观点的评价以正评价为主。
· 阅读重点: 作者的态度评价 (在GMAT文章中,作者主要使用情态动词、 自由褒贬词和实义动词来表示自己的评价)

最后,所有人都在说GMAT的阅读很难。我希望各位读者在不断提高英语水平的同时,注重把握这个考试所具有的独特规律性和GMAT文章所特有的套路,并辅之以大量练习。这样,你最终会感到自己原来以为极其困难的阅读,也可以变得较容易。我认为套路是考生得以在极短的时间内迅速把握GMAT文章的主干的最重要的“利器”,所谓“工欲善其事,必先利其器”,所以大家想要“善”GMAT这个“事”,必须要在揣摩GAMT文章的套路上多下点功夫.



点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 migration mDpxj     
n.迁移,移居,(鸟类等的)迁徙
参考例句:
  • Swallows begin their migration south in autumn.燕子在秋季开始向南方迁移。
  • He described the vernal migration of birds in detail.他详细地描述了鸟的春季移居。
2 concurrent YncyG     
adj.同时发生的,一致的
参考例句:
  • You can't attend two concurrent events!你不能同时参加两项活动!
  • The twins had concurrent birthday. 双胞胎生日在同一天。
3 sector yjczYn     
n.部门,部分;防御地段,防区;扇形
参考例句:
  • The export sector will aid the economic recovery. 出口产业将促进经济复苏。
  • The enemy have attacked the British sector.敌人已进攻英国防区。
4 dire llUz9     
adj.可怕的,悲惨的,阴惨的,极端的
参考例句:
  • There were dire warnings about the dangers of watching too much TV.曾经有人就看电视太多的危害性提出严重警告。
  • We were indeed in dire straits.But we pulled through.那时我们的困难真是大极了,但是我们渡过了困难。
5 accounting nzSzsY     
n.会计,会计学,借贷对照表
参考例句:
  • A job fell vacant in the accounting department.财会部出现了一个空缺。
  • There's an accounting error in this entry.这笔账目里有差错。
6 unconditional plcwS     
adj.无条件的,无限制的,绝对的
参考例句:
  • The victorious army demanded unconditional surrender.胜方要求敌人无条件投降。
  • My love for all my children is unconditional.我对自己所有孩子的爱都是无条件的。
7 marketing Boez7e     
n.行销,在市场的买卖,买东西
参考例句:
  • They are developing marketing network.他们正在发展销售网络。
  • He often goes marketing.他经常去市场做生意。
8 unprecedented 7gSyJ     
adj.无前例的,新奇的
参考例句:
  • The air crash caused an unprecedented number of deaths.这次空难的死亡人数是空前的。
  • A flood of this sort is really unprecedented.这样大的洪水真是十年九不遇。
9 activists 90fd83cc3f53a40df93866d9c91bcca4     
n.(政治活动的)积极分子,活动家( activist的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • His research work was attacked by animal rights activists . 他的研究受到了动物权益维护者的抨击。
  • Party activists with lower middle class pedigrees are numerous. 党的激进分子中有很多出身于中产阶级下层。 来自《简明英汉词典》
10 apportioning 59a87b97fadc826d380d94e13f6ad768     
vt.分摊,分配(apportion的现在分词形式)
参考例句:
  • There is still no law apportioning Iraq's oil resources. 关于一如何分配石油还是没有法律出台。 来自互联网
  • The act or a round of apportioning or distributing. 分布或散布或分配的行为。 来自互联网
11 corporate 7olzl     
adj.共同的,全体的;公司的,企业的
参考例句:
  • This is our corporate responsibility.这是我们共同的责任。
  • His corporate's life will be as short as a rabbit's tail.他的公司的寿命是兔子尾巴长不了。
12 promising BkQzsk     
adj.有希望的,有前途的
参考例句:
  • The results of the experiments are very promising.实验的结果充满了希望。
  • We're trying to bring along one or two promising young swimmers.我们正设法培养出一两名有前途的年轻游泳选手。
13 patronage MSLzq     
n.赞助,支援,援助;光顾,捧场
参考例句:
  • Though it was not yet noon,there was considerable patronage.虽然时间未到中午,店中已有许多顾客惠顾。
  • I am sorry to say that my patronage ends with this.很抱歉,我的赞助只能到此为止。
14 frustrating is9z54     
adj.产生挫折的,使人沮丧的,令人泄气的v.使不成功( frustrate的现在分词 );挫败;使受挫折;令人沮丧
参考例句:
  • It's frustrating to have to wait so long. 要等这么长时间,真令人懊恼。
  • It was a demeaning and ultimately frustrating experience. 那是一次有失颜面并且令人沮丧至极的经历。 来自《简明英汉词典》
15 labor P9Tzs     
n.劳动,努力,工作,劳工;分娩;vi.劳动,努力,苦干;vt.详细分析;麻烦
参考例句:
  • We are never late in satisfying him for his labor.我们从不延误付给他劳动报酬。
  • He was completely spent after two weeks of hard labor.艰苦劳动两周后,他已经疲惫不堪了。
16 morale z6Ez8     
n.道德准则,士气,斗志
参考例句:
  • The morale of the enemy troops is sinking lower every day.敌军的士气日益低落。
  • He tried to bolster up their morale.他尽力鼓舞他们的士气。
17 joint m3lx4     
adj.联合的,共同的;n.关节,接合处;v.连接,贴合
参考例句:
  • I had a bad fall,which put my shoulder out of joint.我重重地摔了一跤,肩膀脫臼了。
  • We wrote a letter in joint names.我们联名写了封信。
18 legitimate L9ZzJ     
adj.合法的,合理的,合乎逻辑的;v.使合法
参考例句:
  • Sickness is a legitimate reason for asking for leave.生病是请假的一个正当的理由。
  • That's a perfectly legitimate fear.怀有这种恐惧完全在情理之中。
19 interpretation P5jxQ     
n.解释,说明,描述;艺术处理
参考例句:
  • His statement admits of one interpretation only.他的话只有一种解释。
  • Analysis and interpretation is a very personal thing.分析与说明是个很主观的事情。
20 unpaid fjEwu     
adj.未付款的,无报酬的
参考例句:
  • Doctors work excessive unpaid overtime.医生过度加班却无报酬。
  • He's doing a month's unpaid work experience with an engineering firm.他正在一家工程公司无偿工作一个月以获得工作经验。
21 underlying 5fyz8c     
adj.在下面的,含蓄的,潜在的
参考例句:
  • The underlying theme of the novel is very serious.小说隐含的主题是十分严肃的。
  • This word has its underlying meaning.这个单词有它潜在的含义。
22 emancipatory fef7d41ae6ab52ca5faeb3b51c0a7f01     
adj.解放的,有助于解放的
参考例句:
  • Its are main experience and practice: One, emancipatory thought, change idea. 其主要经验和做法:一、解放思想,转变观念。 来自互联网
  • Teacher Professional Development: From "Technical Interest" to "Emancipatory Interest " 教师专业发展:从“技术兴趣”到“解放兴趣” 来自互联网
23 prevailing E1ozF     
adj.盛行的;占优势的;主要的
参考例句:
  • She wears a fashionable hair style prevailing in the city.她的发型是这个城市流行的款式。
  • This reflects attitudes and values prevailing in society.这反映了社会上盛行的态度和价值观。
24 allocated 01868918c8cec5bc8773e98ae11a0f54     
adj. 分配的 动词allocate的过去式和过去分词
参考例句:
  • The Ford Foundation allocated millions of dollars for cancer research. 福特基金会拨款数百万美元用于癌症研究。
  • More funds will now be allocated to charitable organizations. 现在会拨更多的资金给慈善组织。
25 sensory Azlwe     
adj.知觉的,感觉的,知觉器官的
参考例句:
  • Human powers of sensory discrimination are limited.人类感官分辨能力有限。
  • The sensory system may undergo long-term adaptation in alien environments.感觉系统对陌生的环境可能经过长时期才能适应。
26 navigate 4Gyxu     
v.航行,飞行;导航,领航
参考例句:
  • He was the first man to navigate the Atlantic by air.他是第一个飞越大西洋的人。
  • Such boats can navigate on the Nile.这种船可以在尼罗河上航行。
27 compensate AXky7     
vt.补偿,赔偿;酬报 vi.弥补;补偿;抵消
参考例句:
  • She used her good looks to compensate her lack of intelligence. 她利用她漂亮的外表来弥补智力的不足。
  • Nothing can compensate for the loss of one's health. 一个人失去了键康是不可弥补的。
28 geographic tgsxb     
adj.地理学的,地理的
参考例句:
  • The city's success owes much to its geographic position. 这座城市的成功很大程度上归功于它的地理位置。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Environmental problems pay no heed to these geographic lines. 环境问题并不理会这些地理界限。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法
29 celestial 4rUz8     
adj.天体的;天上的
参考例句:
  • The rosy light yet beamed like a celestial dawn.玫瑰色的红光依然象天上的朝霞一样绚丽。
  • Gravity governs the motions of celestial bodies.万有引力控制着天体的运动。
30 contentious fa9yk     
adj.好辩的,善争吵的
参考例句:
  • She was really not of the contentious fighting sort.她委实不是好吵好闹的人。
  • Since then they have tended to steer clear of contentious issues.从那时起,他们总想方设法避开有争议的问题。
31 inventory 04xx7     
n.详细目录,存货清单
参考例句:
  • Some stores inventory their stock once a week.有些商店每周清点存货一次。
  • We will need to call on our supplier to get more inventory.我们必须请供应商送来更多存货。
32 unemployed lfIz5Q     
adj.失业的,没有工作的;未动用的,闲置的
参考例句:
  • There are now over four million unemployed workers in this country.这个国家现有四百万失业人员。
  • The unemployed hunger for jobs.失业者渴望得到工作。
33 earnings rrWxJ     
n.工资收人;利润,利益,所得
参考例句:
  • That old man lives on the earnings of his daughter.那个老人靠他女儿的收入维持生活。
  • Last year there was a 20% decrease in his earnings.去年他的收入减少了20%。
34 margin 67Mzp     
n.页边空白;差额;余地,余裕;边,边缘
参考例句:
  • We allowed a margin of 20 minutes in catching the train.我们有20分钟的余地赶火车。
  • The village is situated at the margin of a forest.村子位于森林的边缘。
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