83.      
　　 In this argument the author reasons that the failure of Company B portends¹ a similar fate for Company A. The grounds for this prediction are similarities that exist between the two companies. The line of reasoning is that since both companies produce video-game hardware and software and both enjoy a large share of the market for these products, the failure of one is a reliable predictor of the failure of the other. This argument is unconvincing.

      The major problem with the argument is that the stated similarities between Company A and B are insufficient² to support the conclusion that Company A will suffer a fats similar to Company B's. In fact, the similarities stated are irrelevant³ to that conclusion. Company B did not fail because of its market share or because of the general type of product it produced; it failed because children became bored with its particular line of products. Consequently, the mere⁴ fact that Company A holds a large share of the video-game hardware and software market does not support the claim that Company A will also fail.

      An additional problem with the argument is that there might be relevant differences between Company A and Company B, which further undermine the conclusion. For example, Company A's line of products may differ from Company B's in that children do not become bored with them. Another possible difference is that Company B's share of the market may have been entirely⁵ domestic whereas Company A has a large share of the international market.

      In conclusion this is a weak argument. To strengthen the conclusion the author would have to show that there are sufficient relevant similarities between Company A and Company B as well as no relevant differences between them.

84.       
　　The author concludes that photographers who work in color hold a competitive advantage over those who work in black-and-white. To support this conclusion, the author claims that the greater realism of color accounts for its predominant use in magazines and portraits. The author also points Out that newspapers now use color photographs, and that there are more types of color film than black-and-white film available today. This argument is problematic in several important respects.

      First, the argument unfairly assumes that working in color is necessary in order to gain an advantage. The author identifies only two areas—magazine and portrait photography—where color predominates. It is possible that the overalldemand for black-and-white photography remains⁶ high. Moreover, the author provides no evidence that the realism of color photography is the reason for its predominance. The predominant use of color may be due to other factors—such as consumer preferences or relative costs of film—which might change at any time.

      Second, the argument unfairly assumes that a photographer must make an either/or choice between the two types of photography. This assumption presents a false dilemma⁷, since the two media are not necessarily mutually exclusive alternatives. Common sense tells us that a photographer can succeed by working in both media.

      Third, the fact that more kinds of color film are available than black-and-white film accomplishes little to support the argument. The difference in number might be insignificant⁸, and the distinctions among the types of color film might be negligible. In fact, by implying that more choices in film type affords a photographer a competitive advantage, the author actually undermines his larger argument that working solely⁹ in color is the best way to succeed in the field of photography.

      Finally, the argument ignores other factors—such as initiative, creativity, technical skills, and business judgment—that may be more important than choice of medium in determining success in photography. A poorly skilled photographer may actually be disadvantaged by working in color insofar as color work requires greater skill, and insofar as color photographers face keener competition for assignments.

      In conclusion, this argument oversimplifies the conditions for gaining an advantage in the field of photography. To better evaluate the argument, we need more precise information as to how large a portion of all photography work today is accounted for by color work. To strengthen the argument, the author must convince us that a photographer must choose one medium or the other rather than working in both.