77.       
　　In this editorial, the author argues that it makes financial sense for employers to make the workplace safer, in support of this claim the author reasons that since wages paid to employees should increase as the risk of physical injury increases, the converse¹ should be true as well. Hence, by decreasing the risk of injury, employers could decrease the wages paid to workers and thereby² save money. This argument is unconvincing for two reasons.

      To begin with the author assumes that because companies would agree that as risk of injury increases wages should also increase, they would also agree that as risk decreases wages should also decrease accordingly. This is tantamount to the assumption that risk of injury is the primary factor that determines workers' wages. It is obvious that few employers, and even fewer employees, would agree that this is the case. To adopt this position one would have to disregard education, experience, and skill as equally important factors in determining the wages paid to workers.

      Secondly³, the author's reasoning suggests that the only benefit of a safer workplace is the savings⁴ employers could realize from lower wages. This is obviously not true. The costs associated with accidents on the job could far outweigh⁵ any savings that could be realized by paying workers lower wages.

      In conclusion, the author's argument is unconvincing. Risk of injury is an important factor to consider in determining the wages paid to workers but is not the only such factor. Furthermore, there are far better reasons for employers to make the workplace safe' than the one presented by the author.
78.      
　　 This company memorandum⁶ suggests that, in lieu of adopting an official code of ethics⁷, the company should conduct a publicity⁸ campaign that stresses the importance of promoting certain societal interests. The reason for the suggestion is that an official code of ethics might harm the company in the public eye because a competing company received unfavorablepublicity for violating its own ethics code. This argument is unconvincing, since it depends on several unwarranted assumptions as well as arguing against its own conclusion.

      First of all, the author unfairly assumes that the two companies are sufficiently⁹ similar to ensure the same consequences of adopting an ethics code for this company as for its competitor. The competitor may have adopted an entirely¹⁰ different code from the one this company might adopt—perhaps with unrealistic standards not embraced by any other companies. Perhaps the competitor's violation¹¹ was extremely egregious¹², amounting to an aberration¹³ among businesses of its type; or perhaps one notorious executive is solely¹⁴ responsible for the competitor's violation. Any of these scenarios¹⁵, if true, would show that the two companies are dissimilar in ways relevant to the likelihood that this company will experience similar violations¹⁶ and similar publicity if it adopts any ethics code.

      Secondly, the author unfairly assumes that the competitor was damaged by its code violation and the resulting publicity more than it would have been had it not violated its code. Just as likely, however, the violation was necessary to ensure a certain level of profitability or to protect other important interests. Without knowing the extent and nature of the damage resulting from the bad publicity or the reason for the violation, we cannot accept the author's conclusion.

      Thirdly, the author's proposal is inconsistent with the author's conclusion about the consequences of adopting an ethics code. The author suggests that, instead of adopting an ethics code, this company should stress "the importance of protecting the environment and assisting charitable organizations." This proposal is tantamount to adopting an ethics code. In this sense, the author suggests going against his own advice that the company should not adopt such a code.
in conclusion, differences between this company and its competitor may undermine the author's conclusion that this company should not adopt an ethics code. To better evaluate the argument, we need more information about the nature of the competitor's ethics code and about the nature and extent of the violation. To strengthen the argument, the author must accord his advice with his conclusion that the company should not adopt an ethics code.

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