Time –30 minutes 38 Questions
    1. Because the monkeys under study are —— the presence of human beings， they typically ——human observers and go about their business
    （A） ambivalent¹ about …… welcome
    （B） habituated to …… disregard
    （C） pleased with …… snub
    （D） inhibited² by …… seek
    （E） unaware³ of …… avoid
    2. Give he previously⁴ expressed interest and the ambitious tone of her recent speeches， the senator‘s attempt to convince the public that she is not inter- ested in running for a second term is ——。
    （A） laudable
    （B） likely
    （C） authentic
    （D） futile
    （E） sincere
    3. Many of her followers⁵ remain —— to her， and even those who have rejected her leadership are unconvinced of the —— of replacing her during the current turmoil⁶.
    （A） opposed…… urgency
    （B） friendly…… harm
    （C） loyal…… wisdom
    （D） cool…… usefulness
    （E） sympathetic…… disadvantage
    4. Unlike many recent interpretations⁷ of Beethoven‘s piano sonatas⁸， the recitalist’s performance was a delightfully⁹ free and introspective one； nevertheless，it was also， seemingly paradoxically， quite ——。
    （A） appealing
    （B） exuberant
    （C） idiosyncratic
    （D） unskilled
    （E） controlled
    5. Species with relatively¹¹ —— metabolic¹² rates， including hibernators， generally live longer than those whose metabolic rates are more rapid.
    （A） prolific
    （B） sedentary
    （C） sluggish
    （D） measured
    （E） restive
    6. Belying¹³ his earlier reputation for —— as a negotiator，Morgan had recently assumed a more —— stance for which many of his erstwhile critics praised him.
    （A） intransigence…… conciliatory
    （B） impropriety…… intolerant
    （C） inflexibility…… unreasonable
    （D） success…… authoritative
    （E） incompetence…… combative
    7. Although Irish literature continued to flourish after the sixteenth century， a —— tradition is ——in the visual arts： we think about Irish culture in terms of the word， not in terms of pictorial¹⁴ images.
    （A） rich…… superfluous
    （B） lively…… found
    （C） comparable…… absent
    （D） forgotten…… apparent
    （E） lost…… extant
    8. SILVER： TARNISH：：
    （A） gold： burnish
    （B） steel： forge
    （C） iron： rust
    （D） lead： cast
    （E） tin： shear
    9. DISLIKE： LOATHING：：
    （A） appreciation¹⁵： gratification
    （B） hunger： appetite
    （C） void： dearth
    （D） pleasure： bliss
    （E） pain： ache
    10. CRAVEN： HEROIC：：
    （A） unruly： energetic
    （B） listless： attractive
    （C） volatile¹⁶： constant
    （D） deft¹⁷： trifling
    （E） awkward： amusing
    11. FILLY： HORSE：：
    （A） antennae¹⁸： butterfly
    （B） pullet： chicken
    （C） gaggle： goose
    （D） duck： drake
    （E） wasp¹⁹： bee
    12. PITHINESS²⁰： APHORISM：：
    （A） craft： art
    （B） detail： sketch
    （C） illusion： story
    （D） exaggeration： caricature
    （E） sophistication： farce
    13. EPHEMERAL： ENDURING：：
    （A） infirm： healing
    （B） insensitive： cooperating
    （C） inanimate： living
    （D） interminable： continuing
    （E） ineffectual： proceeding²¹
    14. POSTURER²²： UNAFFECTED：：
    （A） brat²³： insolent
    （B） hypocrite： perceptive
    （C） grouch²⁴： respected
    （D） bigot： tolerant
    （E） rogue²⁵： empathetic
    15. FACETIOUS²⁶： SPEECH：：
    （A） precocious²⁷： learning
    （B） unbecoming： color
    （C） exemplary： conduct
    （D） craven： timidity
    （E） antic： behavior
    16. VAGARY²⁸： PREDICT：：
    （A） quotation²⁹： misdirect
    （B） investigation³⁰： confirm
    （C） stamina³¹： deplete
    （D） turbulence³²： upset
    （E） impossibility： execute#p#

This is not to deny that the Black gospel music of the early twentieth century differed in important ways from the slave spirituals. Whereas spirituals were created and dis- seminated in folk fashion， gospel music was composed，（5） published， copyrighted， and sold by professionals. Never- theless， improvisation³³ remained central to gospel music. One has only to listen to the recorded repertoire³⁴ of gospel songs to realize that Black gospel singers rarely sang a song precisely³⁵ the same way twice and never according to（10）its exact musical notation³⁶. They performed what jazz musi- cians call "head arrangements" proceeding from their own feelings and from the way "the spirit" moved them at the time. This improvisatory³⁷ element was reflected in the man- ner in which gospel music was published. Black gospel（15）composers scored the music intended for White singing groups fully¹⁰， indicating the various vocal³⁸ parts and the accompaniment， but the music produced for Black singers included only a vocal line and piano accompaniment.
    17.Which of the following best describes "head arrange- ment" as the term is used in line 11？
    （A） A published version of a gospel song produced for use by Black singers
    （B） A gospel song based on a slave spiritual
    （C） A musical score shared by a gospel singer and a jazz musician
    （D） An informally written composition intended for use by a gospel singer
    （E） An improvised³⁹ performance inspired by the singer‘s emotions
    18.The author mentions "folk fashion" （line 4） most likely in order to
    （A） counter an assertion about the role of improvi- sation in music created by Black people
    （B） compare early gospel music with gospel music written later in the twentieth century
    （C） make a distinction between gospel music and slave spirituals
    （D） introduce a discussion about the dissemination⁴⁰ of slave spirituals
    （E） describe a similarity between gospel music and slave spirituals
    19.The passage suggests which of the following about Black gospel music and slave spirituals？
    （A） Both became widely known in the early twentieth century.
    （B） Both had an important improvisatory element.
    （C） Both were frequently performed by jazz musicians.
    （D） Both were published with only a vocal line and piano accompaniment.
    （E） Both were disseminated⁴¹ chiefly by Black singing groups.
    20.Of the following sentences， which is most likely to have immediately preceded the passage？
    （A） Few composers of gospel music drew on traditions such as the spiritual in creating their songs.
    （B） Spirituals and Black gospel music were derived⁴² from the same musical tradition.
    （C） The creation and singing of spirituals， practiced by Black Americans before the Civil War， continued after the war.
    （D） Spirituals and gospel music can be clearly distinguished⁴³ from one another.
    （E） Improvisation was one of the primary charac- teristics of the gospel music created by Black musicians.
    About a century ago， the Swedish physical scientist Arrhenius proposed a law of classical chemistry that relates chemical reaction rate to temperature. According to the Arrhenius equation， chemical reaction are increasingly（5） unlikely to occur as temperatures approach absolute zero，and at absolute zero （zero degrees Kelvin， or minus 273 degrees Celsius⁴⁴） reactions stop. However， recent experi- mental evidence reveals that although the Arrhenius equa- tion is generally accurate in describing the kind of chemical（10）reaction that occurs at relatively high temperatures， at tem- peratures closer to zero a quantum- mechanical effect known as tunneling comes into play； this effect accounts for chem- ical reactions that are forbidden by the principles of classi- cal chemistry. Specifically， entire molecules⁴⁶ can "tunnel"（15）through the barriers of repulsive⁴⁷ forces from other mole- cules and chemically react even though these molecules do not have sufficient energy， according to classical chemistry，to overcome the repulsive barrier. The rate of any chemical reaction， regardless of the tem-（20）perature at which it takes place， usually depends on a very important characteristic known as its activation⁴⁸ energy. Any molecule⁴⁵ can be imagined to reside at the bottom of a so- called potential well of energy. A chemical reaction corre- sponds to the transition of a molecule from the bottom of（25）one potential well to the bottom of another. In classical chemistry， such a transition can be accomplished⁴⁹ only by going over the potential barrier between the wells， the height of which remains⁵⁰ constant and is called the activa- tion energy of the reaction. In tunneling， the reacting mole-（30）cules tunnel from the bottom of one to the bottom of another well without having to rise over the barrier between the two wells. Recently researchers have developed the concept of tunneling temperature： the temperature below which tunneling transitions greatly outnumber Arrhenius transi-（35）tions， and classical mechanics gives way to its quantum counterpart. This tunneling phenomenon at very low temperatures suggested my hypothesis about a cold prehistory of life：the formation of rather complex organic molecules in the（40）deep cold of outer space， where temperatures usually reach only a few degrees Kelvin. Cosmic rays （high-energy pro- tons and other particles） might trigger the synthesis of simple molecules， such as interstellar formaldehyde， in dark clouds of interstellar dust. Afterward⁵¹ complex organic（45）molecules would be formed， slowly but surely， by means of tunneling. After I offered my hypothesis， Hoyle and Wickramasinghe argued that molecules of interstellar form- aldehyde have indeed evolved into stable polysaccharides such as cellulose and starch⁵². Their conclusions， although（50）strongly disputed， have generated excitement among inves- tigators such as myself who are proposing that the galactic clouds are the places where the prebiological evolution of compounds necessary to life occurred.
    21.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
    （A） describing how the principles of classical chem- istry were developed
    （B） initiating⁵³ a debate about the kinds of chemical reactions required for the development of life
    （C） explaining how current research in chemistry may be related to broader biological concerns
    （D） reconciling opposing theories about chemical reac- tions
    （E） clarifying inherent ambiguities⁵⁴ in the laws of clas- sical chemistry
    22.According to the passage， classical chemical reactions and tunneling reactions are alike in which of the fol- lowing ways？
    （A） In both types of reactions， reacting molecules have to rise over the barrier between the two wells.
    （B） In both types of reactions， a transition is made from the bottom of one potential well to the bottom of another.
    （C） In neither type of reaction does the height of the barrier between the wells remain constant.
    （D） In neither type of reaction does the rate of a chemical reaction depend on its activation energy.
    （E） In both types of reactions， reacting molecules are able to go through the barrier between the two wells.
    23. According to the Arrhenius equation as discussed in the passage， which of the following statements about chemical reactions is true？
    （A） Chemical reactions are less likely to occur at tem- peratures close to absolute zero.
    （B） In some cases the rate of a chemical reaction is related to temperature and in other cases it is not.
    （C） Chemical reactions frequently occur at a few degrees above absolute zero， but they are very unpredictable.
    （D） The rate of a chemical reaction depends on many other factors besides temperature.
    （E） Chemical reaction rate and temperature are not related.
    24.The author‘s attitude toward the theory of a cold pre- history of life can best be described as
    （A） neutral
    （B） skeptical
    （C） mildly positive
    （D） very supportive
    （E） pointedly⁵⁵ critical
    25.The author‘s hypothesis concerning be cold prehistory of life would be most weakened if which of the follow- ing were true？
    （A）Cosmic rays are unlikely to trigger the formation of simple molecules.
    （B）Tunneling occurs only in a narrow band of tem- peratures around zero degrees Kelvin.
    （C）The synthesis of interstellar formaldehyde can be activated⁵⁶ by means other than cosmic rays.
    （D）Simple molecules can be synthesized by means of tunneling.
    （E）Classical chemical reactions do not occur at tem- peratures close to absolute zero.
    26.Which of the following best describes the hypothesis of Hoyle and Wickramasinghe as it is presented in the passage？
    （A） Cosmic rays can directly synthesize complex organic molecules.
    （B） The galactic clouds are the places where prebio- logical evolution of compounds necessary to life occurred.
    （C） Interstellar formaldehyde can be synthesized by tunneling.
    （D） Molecules of interstellar formaldehyde can evolve into complex organic molecules.
    （E） Complex organic molecules can be synthesized from stable polysaccharides such as cellulose and starch.
    27.Which of the following best describes the organization of the first two paragraphs of the passage？
    （A） The author cites a basic principle of classical chemistry and then describes the research from which that principle was developed.
    （B） The author cites an apparent contradiction to the principles of classical chemistry and then explains the process of a chemical reaction to show there is in fact no contradiction.
    （C） the author describes the role of heat in chemical reactions and then offers a detailed⁵⁷ explanation of its function.
    （D） The author presents a law of classical chemistry in order to introduce a kind of chemical reaction that differs from it and then explains the essen- tial difference between the two.
    （E） The author presents the fundamental rules of clas- sical chemistry in order to introduce an explana- tion of a specific chemical reaction.
    28. PREFACE：
    （A） improvisation
    （B） burlesque
    （C） epilogue
    （D） tangent
    （E） backdrop
    29. DEBILITATE：
    （A） implicate
    （B） invigorate
    （C） obfuscate
    （D） realign
    （E） encumber
    30. TASTY：
    （A） uninteresting
    （B） unfamiliar
    （C） unexpected
    （D） understated
    （E） undervalued
    31. ABNEGATE：
    （A） refresh
    （B） reaffirm
    （C） relieve
    （D） react
    （E） reform
    32. SERRIED：
    （A） partially⁵⁸ formed
    （B） widely separated
    （C） narrowly missed
    （D） extremely grateful
    （E） reasonably clean
    33. BOMBASTIC：
    （A） unflappable
    （B） uninspired
    （C） unpretentious
    （D） inscrutable
    （E） incisive
    34. BANAL：
    （A） comfortable
    （B） novel
    （C） equal
    （D） fatal
    （E） competent
    35. LANGUISH：
    （A） agitate
    （B） wander
    （C） relieve
    （D） discomfit
    （E） thrive
    36. ENNUI：
    （A） intimidation
    （B） sleaze
    （C） faint recollection
    （D） keen interest
    （E） deep reservation
    37.DAUNTLESS：
    （A） sophomoric
    （B） trifling
    （C） pusillanimous
    （D） specious
    （E） parsimonious
    38.TEMERITY：
    （A） credibility
    （B） authority
    （C） celebrity
    （D） acrimony
    （E） circumspection

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