文章套路
新老观点对比型
a．结构：老观点＋驳斥老观点＋新观点
b．特点：喜新厌旧、标新立异
c．判断标志：
喜新厌旧的语言特征：古老的时间状语，traditionally，old，was (it was once believed)，recently（可能是老观点），usually
标新立异的语言特征：most,，many，frequently
如果发现重要的转折词则可以确定为新老观点对比型
d．新观点出现的位置：一段中部或二段开头
e．主题句：说明新观点的句子
要特别注意主题句，对于内容性的主题句尤其应当如此
现象解释型
a．结构：现象＋解释
b．现象：自然科学中的现象；社会科学中的史实，由人物、时间、事件构成
c．解释：会存在多种解释，其中正确的解释是文章的主题句；有的文章也许没有正确理论（主题句），但仍属于现象解释型
问题解决型
a．结构：提问＋解决
b．提问：
疑问性问题：文章一开始就是问句，有疑问词或问号；或者以 “question”，“puzzle”等词的形式出现。着重看如何回答。
任务性问题：以“difficulty”，“task”，“challenge”等词的形式出现。着重看如何完成。
c．解决：往往有多种解决方案，各有评价；往往是负评价＋……＋负评价＋正确的解决方案（通常在最后）
d．主题句：说明正确的解决方案的核心句就是主题句；但也有些文章都是大负小正的评价，此时看过程不看结果，无主题句就无内容型的主题题。
结论解释型
a．总分结构
b．特征：开始先说观点，标志性强，通常是判断句，以系动词，情态动词，自由褒贬词为标志；此时可看文章各段的开头
c．主题句：如开头的判断句是文章的总论，它就是主题句
5．后三种套路的区分
看文章开头的后半部分：描述原因的是现象解释型；讲述改进方法，解决问题的是问题解决型；更具体的描述是结论解释型
客观题题型
1．直接事实题
a．特征：对文章的具体细节进行提问，题干有时会表示明显的因果关系
b．做法：看笔记，做定位，回原文做同义变换
c．同义变换：
a. 换词：同义词
例：the historians have broadened the conventional view of nineteenth-century feminism.
→ the historians have expanded the traditional view of nineteenth-century feminism.
b. 换句型：名词结构换为动词搭配
例：the minority groups lack access to the sizable orders that are generated by large companies.
→ the minority groups do not have sufficient opportunity to secure business created by large corporation.
c. 逻辑变换：做逆否变换
例：the suffragists were demanding power that was not based on the institution of the family, women’s traditional sphere.
→ those who participated in the women suffragists movement sought social roles for women that were not defined by women’s familial roles.
2．取非题
otherwise表示相反关系；a otherwise b，文中有a，问b如何，则对a取非
简单取非：有明显的强对比的词，如on the contrary, on the other hand, contrast等，直接做180度的转变。如告诉你一个的特征，问另一个。
改善题
形式：虚拟语气（标志）＋表示改善或更好的说法（往往用比较级，如if…, …more…）
做法：回原文中找缺点，做取非；如一人漏了大的，拿了小的，问如何改善，做取非，都拿。
例：however, these patterns cannot be viewed as an adaptation to wind pollination¹ because the spiral arrangement occurs in a number of non-wind-pollinated plants.
question: it can be inferred from the passage that the claim that the spiral arrangement is an adaptation to wind pollination would be more convincing if which of the following were true?
(a) such an arrangement occurred only in wind-pollinated plants.
(b) such an arrangement occurred in vascular² plants as a whole.
(c) such an arrangement could be shown to be beneficial to pollen³ release.
(d) the number of bracts could be shown to have increased over time.
(e) the airflow patterns over the cone’s surfaces could be shown to be produced by such arrangements

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