9. Which one of the following best states the main idea of the passage?

(A) Within the last few decades, a number of novel approaches to jurisprudence 　have defined the nature of the law in diverse ways.
(B) Within the last few decades, changes in society and in the number and type 　of cases brought to court have necessitated¹ new methods of interpreting the 　law.
(C) Of the many interdisciplinary approaches to jurisprudence that have 　surfaced in the last tow decades, the Law and Literature movement is the 　most intellectually coherent.
(D) The Law and Literature movement, first articulated by James Boyd White in 　the mid-1970s, represents a synthesis of the many theories of jurisprudence 　inspired by the social sciences
(E) Such traditional legal scholars as legal positivists and natural lawyers are 　increasingly on the defensive² against attacks from younger, more progressive 　theorists.

10. According to the passage, judicial³ opinions have been described as each of the following EXCEPT:

(A) political statements
(B) arcane⁴ statements
(C) economic statements
(D) artistic⁵ performances
(E) acts of translation

11. Which one of the following statements is most compatible with the principles of the Critical Legal Studies movement as that movement is described in the passage?

(A) Laws governing the succession of power at the death of a head of state 　　represent a synthesis of legal precedents⁷, specific situations, and the 　　values of lawmakers
(B) Laws allowing income tax deductions⁸ for charitable contributions, though 　　ostensibly passed by lawmakers, were devised by and are perpetuated⁹ by 　　the rich
(C) Laws governing the tariffs¹⁰ placed on imported goods must favor the 　　continuation of mutually beneficial trade arrangements, even at the 　　expense of long-standing legal precedent⁶.
(D) Laws governing the treatment of the disadvantaged and powerless members 　　of a given society are an accurate indication of that society s moral state.
(E) Laws controlling the electoral processes of a representative democracy have 　　been devised by lawmakers to ensure the continuation of that governmental 　　system.

12. Which one of the following does the passage mention as a similarity between the Critical Legal Studies movement and the Law and Literature movement?

(A) Both offer explanations of how elites¹¹ maintain their hold on power.
(B) Both are logical extensions of either natural law or legal positivism.
(C) Both see economic and political primacy as the basis of all legitimate¹² power
(D) Both rely on disciplines not traditionally connected with the study of law.
(E) Both see the practice of opinion-writing as a mediating¹³ activity.

13. Which one of the following can be inferred from the passage about the academic study of jurisprudence before the 1970s?

(A) It was concerned primarily with codifying¹⁴ and maintaining the privileges of 　　elites.
(B) It rejected theories that interpreted law as an expression of a group s power.
(C) It seldom focused on how and by what authority judges arrived at opinions.
(D) It was concerned primarily with the study of law as an economic and moral 　　agent.
(E) It was not concerned with such disciplines as anthropology¹⁵ and sociology.

14. Proponents¹⁶ of the Law and Literature movement would most likely agree with which one of the following statements concerning the relationship between the law and judges written opinions?

(A) The once-stable relationship between law and opinion-writing has been 　　undermined by new and radical¹⁷ theoretical developments
(B) Only the most politically conservative of judges continue to base their 　　opinions on natural law or on legal positivism.
(C) The occurrence of different legal situations requires a judge to adopt diverse 　　theoretical approaches to opinion-writing.
(D) Different judges will not necessarily write the same sorts of opinions when 　　confronted with the same legal situation.
(E) Judges who subseribe to divergent theories of jurisprudence will necessarily 　　render divergent opinions.

15. Which one of the following phrases best describes the meaning of "re-constitute" as that word is used in line 54 of the passage?

(A) categorize and rephrase
(B) investigate and summarize
(C) interpret and refashion
(D) paraphrase and announce
(E) negotiate and synthesize

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