8. Alice： Quotas¹ on automobile² imports to the United States should be eliminated. Then domestic producers would have to compete directly with Japanese manufacturers and would be forced to produce higher-quality cars. Such competition would be good for consumers.

　　David： You fail to realize, Alice, that quotas on automobile imports are pervasive³ worldwide. Since German, Britain, and France have quotas, so should the United States.

　　Which one of the following most accurately⁴ characterizes David's response to Alice's statement？

　　（A） David falsely accuses Alice of contradicting herself.

　　（B） David unfairly directs his argument against Alice personally.

　　（C） David uncovers a hidden assumption underlying⁵ Alice's position.

　　（D） David takes a position that is similar to the one Alice has taken.

　　（E） David fails to address the reasons Alice cites in favor of her conclusion.

　　9. Governments have only one response to public criticism of socially necessary services： regulation of the activity of providing those services. But governments inevitably⁶ make the activity more expensive by regulating it, and that is particularly troublesome in these times of strained financial resources. However, since public criticism of child-care services has undermined all confidence in such services, and since such services are socially necessary, the government is certain to respond.

　　Which one of the following statements can be inferred from the passage？

　　（A） The quality of child care will improve.

　　（B） The cost of providing child-care services will increase.

　　（C） the government will use funding to foster advances in child care.

　　（D） if public criticism of policy is strongly voiced, the government is certain to respond.

　　（E） If child-care services are not regulated, the cost of providing child care will not increase.

　　10. Advertisers are often criticized for their unscrupulous manipulation of people's tastes and wants. There is evidence, however, that some advertisers are motivated by moral as well as financial considerations. A particular publication decided⁷ to change its image from being a family newspaper to concentrating on sex and violence, thus appealing to a different readership. Some advertisers withdrew their advertisements from the publication, and this must have been because they morally disapproved⁸ of publishing salacious material.

　　Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument？

　　（A） The advertisers switched their advertisements to other family newspapers.

　　（B） Some advertisers switched from family newspapers to advertise in the changed publication.

　　（C） The advertisers expected their product sales to increase if they stayed with the changed publication, but to decrease if they withdrew.

　　（D） People who generally read family newspapers are not likely to buy newspapers that concentrate on sex and violence.

　　（E） It was expected that the changed publication would appeal principally to those in a different income group.

　　11. “If the forest continues to disappear at its present pace, the koala will approach extinction⁹,” said the biologist.

　　“So all that is needed to save the koala is to stop deforestation,” said the politician.

　　Which one of the following statements is consistent with the biologist's claim but not with the politician's claim？

　　（A） Deforestation continues and the koala becomes extinct.

　　（B） Deforestation is stopped and the koala becomes extinct.

　　（C） Reforestation begins and the koala survives.

　　（D） Deforestation is slowed and the koala survives.

　　（E） Deforestation is slowed and the koala approaches extinction.

　　12. People have long been fascinated by the paranormal. Over the years, numerous researchers have investigated telepathy only to find that conclusive¹⁰ evidence for its existence has persistently¹¹ evaded¹² them. Despite this, there are still those who believe that there must be “something in it” since some research seems to support the view that telepathy exist. However, it can often be shown that other explanations that do comply with known laws can be given. Therefore, it is premature¹³ to conclude that telepathy is an alternative means of communication.

　　In the passage, the author

　　（A） supports the conclusion by pointing to the inadequacy¹⁴ of evidence for the opposite view

　　（B） supports the conclusion by describing particular experiments

　　（C） supports the conclusion by overgeneralizing from a specific piece of evidence

　　（D） draws a conclusion that is not supported by the premises¹⁵

　　（E） rephrases the conclusion without offering any support for it

　　13. If retail¹⁶ stores experience a decrease in revenues during this holiday season, then either attitudes toward extravagant¹⁷ gift-giving have changed or prices have risen beyond the level most people can afford. If attitudes have changed, then we all have something to celebrate this season. If prices have risen beyond the level most people can afford, then it must be that salaries have not kept pace with rising prices during the past year.

　　Assume the premises above to be true. If salaries have kept pace with rising prices during the past year, which one of the following must be true？

　　（A） Attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have changed.

　　（B） Retail stores will not experience a decrease in retail sales during this holiday season.

　　（C） Prices in retail stores have not risen beyond the level that most people can afford during this holiday season.

　　（D） Attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have not changed, and stores will not experience a decrease in revenues during this holiday season.

　　（E） Either attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have changed or prices have risen beyond the level that most people can afford during this holiday season.

　　14. The “suicide wave” that followed the United States stock market crash of October 1929 is more legend than fact. Careful examination of the monthly figures on the causes of death in 1929 shows that the number of suicides in October and in November was comparatively low. In only three other months were the monthly figures lower. During the summer months, when the stock market was flourishing, the number of suicides was substantially higher.

　　Which one of the following, if true, would best challenge the conclusion of the passage？

　　（A） The suicide rate is influenced by many psychological, interpersonal, and societal factors during any given historical period.

　　（B） October and November have almost always had relatively¹⁸ high suicide rates, even during the 1920s and 1930s.

　　（C） The suicide rate in October and November of 1929 was considerably¹⁹ higher than the average for those months during several preceding and following years.

　　（D） During the years surrounding the stock market crash, suicide rates were typically lower at the beginning of any calendar year than toward the end of that year.

　　（E） Because of seasonal differences, the number of suicides in October and November of 1929 would not be expected to be the same as those for other months

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