职称英语阅读:第四讲
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(单词翻译:双击或拖选)

如何做词汇理解题

  在职称考试中经常会出现一些词汇性选择题。词汇性选择题主要是考察考生对一个词汇或短语在特定语言环境下的确切含义。所考的词汇主要有两类: 一类是超出大纲词汇表的词汇,以前没有见过的新词,要求考生根据上下文猜测出它的确切含义。另一类是熟词僻义或者是旧词新义(即原来学过的词在新的语言环境下另有新义)。在这种情况下,考生以前知道的常规词义往往都不是解。有的考生想通过查阅词典来找出答案。实践证明,对于这种考题,查阅词典往往无济于事。考生一定要切记:只有根据上下文才能选出具体的,合乎文章内容的正确词义。因此考生在解题时,首先要对文章上下文有一个正确的理解,利用文章中所给出的线索或暗示来推断词义。根据上下文推断词义主要有以下几种方法:

  (1) 利用定义和释义

  有时在一篇文章中,作者估计到某个词或词组读者可能不熟悉,就常常在这个词或短语后面直接给出定义或换一种说法进行解释。例如:

  They need to make their income meet the cost of living; so many people plan a family budget. A budget is a list of monthly expenses.

  Experts in kinetics, in their study of body motions as related to speech, hope to discover new methods of communication.

  He was a very astute1 buyer, estimating values very carefully and never allowing himself to be deceived.

  Sociology is the term used to describe the scientific study of human society.

  These medical students have decided2 to become pediatricians, that is, doctors specializing in the care and diseases of children.

  A jetty——a wall built out into the water, protects the harbor.

  To boycott3 a store means to refuse to shop in the store.

  Jane is indecisive, that is, she can't make up her mind.

  I thought they were old-fashioned, thinking too much of old ways and ideas.

  Hausa, namely a language of the Sudan, is widely used as a trade language throughout western Africa.

  An autobiography4 is the story of a person's life written by himself.

  Holography, or three-dimensional photography, has many industrial applications.

  Every once in a while in some part of the world or another, the ground suddenly shakes, and we call the event an earthquake.

  Carbon monoxide (co) is a noxious5 gas which can cause death.

  He had a wan6 look. He was so pale and weak that we thought he was ill.

  Should the government regulate the cost of resources such as oil and gas? Some people do not believe that government control is the solution to the problem of the rising cost of fuel.

  (2) 利用同义词或反义词

  反义词前通常有but ,however, not, yet, while, although, nevertheless, unlike, instead, in contrast等信号词。

  His naiveté, or innocence7, was obvious.

  My sister Kathy is lively and outgoing, however, I am rather introverted.

  Mary was jubilant but Jane was sorrowful.

  Danny was hesitant whereas Jean leaned forward eagerly.

  Her shirt was clean but her shoes were grubby.

  American businessmen expect employees to be punctual. They do not expect that the workers will come late.

  Their friends laughed at them, and my sisters felt wretched, very unhappy.

  It has an enormous, a very powerful influence on our lives.

  In an aging person the new cells may not be as viable8 or as capable of growth as those of a young man.

  (3) 利用文中的举例或暗示

  The dromedary, like all desert animals, can go for long periods of time without drinking water.

  (我们可以猜测dromedary 是一种沙漠里的动物)

  Nocturnal creatures, such as bats and owls9, have highly developed senses that enable them to function in the dark.

  (我们可以猜测nocturnal creatures是蝙蝠和猫头鹰一类的动物,进而推测出"夜间活动的动物)

  Today young couples who are just starting their households often spend lots of their money on appliances, for instance, washing machines, refrigerators, and color televisions.

  I am a resolute10 man. Once I set up a goal, l won't give it up easily.

  In the corner there is a Christmas tree decorated with shining ornaments11, such as colored lights and glass balls, and sometimes hung with gifts.

  (4) 利用构词法

  英语中许多单词吸收了古希腊语和拉丁语的特点,形成了词根和词缀(前缀和后缀)的特点。因此解和掌握一些常用的词根、前缀和后缀的基本意思,对于我们扩大词汇量,分析一个单词的各个组成部分并根据单词的词根、前缀或后缀的意义猜测词义,是大有帮助的。

  例如:

  前缀       意思        例词

  ante-      before     anteroom, ante-Christian

  poly       many       polytechnic12

  词根       意思        例词

  -anthro-     man      anthropography

  -homo-      same       homophone

  后缀       意思        例词

  -ate       to make      consolidate13, isolate14

  -ous       full of       nervous, glorious

  解题技巧:

  面对词汇题,考生要注意两个问题:其一,如果所遇的是普通词汇,切忌通过自己所掌握的某个含义来对它进行选择,而应紧扣该词汇出现处的上下文内容对该词的含义进行推断。因为往往这类词汇是多义词,你所掌握的含义只是它最常用的一个含义,而不一定是在这篇文章中的含义。因此,你只有切实依据上下文,在特定的语境中方能获取这个词的确切含义。其二,面对生僻词,首先要树立信心,不要因不熟悉该词而放弃,应结合上下文对这个词可能的含义进行合理推测。在进行合理推测时掌握一些规律,即如果这是一个很少用的生僻词,上下文中一般都会对它进行定义或解释。定义或解释所用措词一般都是常用词和常用句式。你只要找到这些句子,这个词汇的含义就很容易获得。如果它只是一个一般的生僻词或超出大纲范围的一般词汇,你完全可以通过该词出现的上下文含义对它进行大胆推测。



点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 astute Av7zT     
adj.机敏的,精明的
参考例句:
  • A good leader must be an astute judge of ability.一个优秀的领导人必须善于识别人的能力。
  • The criminal was very astute and well matched the detective in intelligence.这个罪犯非常狡猾,足以对付侦探的机智。
2 decided lvqzZd     
adj.决定了的,坚决的;明显的,明确的
参考例句:
  • This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
  • There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。
3 boycott EW3zC     
n./v.(联合)抵制,拒绝参与
参考例句:
  • We put the production under a boycott.我们联合抵制该商品。
  • The boycott lasts a year until the Victoria board permitsreturn.这个抗争持续了一年直到维多利亚教育局妥协为止。
4 autobiography ZOOyX     
n.自传
参考例句:
  • He published his autobiography last autumn.他去年秋天出版了自己的自传。
  • His life story is recounted in two fascinating volumes of autobiography.这两卷引人入胜的自传小说详述了他的生平。
5 noxious zHOxB     
adj.有害的,有毒的;使道德败坏的,讨厌的
参考例句:
  • Heavy industry pollutes our rivers with noxious chemicals.重工业产生的有毒化学品会污染我们的河流。
  • Many household products give off noxious fumes.很多家用产品散发有害气体。
6 wan np5yT     
(wide area network)广域网
参考例句:
  • The shared connection can be an Ethernet,wireless LAN,or wireless WAN connection.提供共享的网络连接可以是以太网、无线局域网或无线广域网。
7 innocence ZbizC     
n.无罪;天真;无害
参考例句:
  • There was a touching air of innocence about the boy.这个男孩有一种令人感动的天真神情。
  • The accused man proved his innocence of the crime.被告人经证实无罪。
8 viable mi2wZ     
adj.可行的,切实可行的,能活下去的
参考例句:
  • The scheme is economically viable.这个计划从经济效益来看是可行的。
  • The economy of the country is not viable.这个国家经济是难以维持的。
9 owls 7b4601ac7f6fe54f86669548acc46286     
n.猫头鹰( owl的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • 'Clumsy fellows,'said I; 'they must still be drunk as owls.' “这些笨蛋,”我说,“他们大概还醉得像死猪一样。” 来自英汉文学 - 金银岛
  • The great majority of barn owls are reared in captivity. 大多数仓鸮都是笼养的。 来自辞典例句
10 resolute 2sCyu     
adj.坚决的,果敢的
参考例句:
  • He was resolute in carrying out his plan.他坚决地实行他的计划。
  • The Egyptians offered resolute resistance to the aggressors.埃及人对侵略者作出坚决的反抗。
11 ornaments 2bf24c2bab75a8ff45e650a1e4388dec     
n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 );点缀;装饰品;首饰v.装饰,点缀,美化( ornament的第三人称单数 )
参考例句:
  • The shelves were chock-a-block with ornaments. 架子上堆满了装饰品。
  • Playing the piano sets up resonance in those glass ornaments. 一弹钢琴那些玻璃饰物就会产生共振。 来自《简明英汉词典》
12 polytechnic g1vzw     
adj.各种工艺的,综合技术的;n.工艺(专科)学校;理工(专科)学校
参考例句:
  • She was trained as a teacher at Manchester Polytechnic.她在曼彻斯特工艺专科学校就读,准备毕业后做老师。
  • When he was 17,Einstein entered the Polytechnic Zurich,Switzerland,where he studied mathematics and physics.17岁时,爱因斯坦进入了瑞士苏黎士的专科学院,学习数学和物理学。
13 consolidate XYkyV     
v.使加固,使加强;(把...)联为一体,合并
参考例句:
  • The two banks will consolidate in July next year. 这两家银行明年7月将合并。
  • The government hoped to consolidate ten states to form three new ones.政府希望把十个州合并成三个新的州。
14 isolate G3Exu     
vt.使孤立,隔离
参考例句:
  • Do not isolate yourself from others.不要把自己孤立起来。
  • We should never isolate ourselves from the masses.我们永远不能脱离群众。
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