如何抓住文章和句子的重心
注意：在做任何一种题型时都要牢牢把握住文章及句子的重心！！！！！！！！
下列单词在解答作者观点题和结论题时使用频率很高，请在考试前务必记住。
…..positive肯定的support 支持negative否定的, Agreeing赞成  doubtful. 怀疑 critical批评………….
                       Laughter             
      There is an old saying in English: “Laughter is the best medicine”. Until recently, few people took the saying very seriously. Now, however, doctors have begun to investigate laughter and the effects it has on the human body. They have found evidence that laughter really can improve people’s health.
      Tests were carried out to study the effects of laughter on the body, people watched funny films, while doctors checked their heart rate, blood pressure, breathing and muscles. It was found that laughter has similar effects to physical exercise. It increases blood pressure, the heart rate and the rate of breathing; it also works several groups of muscles in the face, the stomach, and even the feet. If laughter exercises the body, it must be beneficial.
      Other tests have shown that laughter appears to be capable of reducing the effect of pain on the body. In one experiment doctors produced pain in groups of students who listened to different radio programs. The group which tolerated the pain for the longest time was the group which listened to a funny program. The reason why laughter can reduce pain seems to be that it helps to produce endorphins（内啡肽）in the brain. These are natural chemicals which diminish both stress and pain.
      There is also some evidence to suggest that laughter helps the body’s immune system, that is, the system which fights infection. In an experiment, one group of students watched a funny video while another group served as the control group-in other words, a group with which to compare the first group. Doctors checked the blood of the students in both groups and found that the people in the group that watched the video had an increase in the activity of their while blood cells, that is, the cells which fight infection.
      As a result of these discoveries, some doctors and psychiatrists（精神病学家）in the United States now hold laughter clinics, in which they try to improve their patients’ conditions by encouraging them to laugh. They have found that even if their patients do not really feel like laughing, making them smile is enough to produce beneficial effects similar to those caused by laughter.
 
1.    We learn from the first paragraph that laughter
A) is good for one’s health   C) has been investigated
B) is related to some illness   D) has no effect on the body
 
2.    Doctors have found that laughter
A.keeps down blood pressure           B. decreases the heart rate.
C.has similar effects to physical exercise    D. increases stress.
 
3.    Which of the following statements is NOT true of laughter?
A.It reduces pain        B. It improves the body’s immune system.
C.It exercises the body    D. It can cure cancer.
 
4.    In a laughter clinic, doctors 
A) laugh at their patients.    C) smile when they don’t feel like laughing.
B) encourage their patients to laugh          D) never stop laughing.
 
5.    The writer’s attitude towards laughter is
A)critical     B) doubtful    C)  positive  D)  negative.
 
                         Play
      Play is the principal business of childhood, and in recent years research has shown the great importance of play in the development of a human being. From earliest infancy¹, every child needs opportunity and the right materials for play, and the main tools of play are toys. Their main function is to suggest, encourage and assist play. To succeed in this they must be good toys, which children will play with often, and will come back to again and again. Therefore it is important to choose suitable toys for different stages of a child’s development.
      In recent years research on infant development has shown that the standard a child is likely to reach, within the range of his inherited abilities, is largely determined² in the first three years of his life. So a baby’s ability to profit from the right play materials should not be underestimated. A baby who is encouraged and stimulated³, talked to and shown things and played with, has the best chance of growing up successfully.
      In the next stage, from three to five years old, curiosity knows no bounds. Every type of suitable toy should be made available to the child, for trying out, experimenting and learning, for discovering his own particular ability. Bricks and jigsaws⁴ (七巧板) and construction toys; painting, scribbling⁵ (涂鸦) and making things; sand and water play; toys for imaginative and pretending play; the first social games for learning to play and get on with others.
      By the third stage of play development—from five to seven or eight years—the child is at school. But for a few more years play is still the best way of learning, at home or at school. It is easier to see which type of toys the child most enjoys.
      Until the age of seven or eight, play and work mean much the same to a child. But once reading has been mastered, then books and school become the main source of learning. Toys are still interesting and valuable, they lead on to new hobbles, but their significance has changed—to a child of nine or ten years, toys and games mean, as to adults, relaxation⁶ and fun.
 
41 The passage tells us that as a child grows up
A.   he should be allowed to choose his own toys.
B.   He should be given identical toys.
C.  He should be given different toys.
D.  He should be given fewer and fewer toys.
 
42 According to the passage, the abilities a child has inherited from his parents
A.   determine his character.
B.   Will not change after the age of three.
C.   Partly determine the standard he is likely to reach.
D.  to a large extent determine the choice of toys.
 
43 Who have the best chance of growing up successfully?
A.   Those who tend to overeat.
B.   Those who are given a lot of toys.
C.   Those who are given toys, talked to and played with.
D.  Those who can share their toys with their playmates.
 
44. We learn from the passage that a child has boundless⁷ curiosity
A.   when he is two.
B.   When he is around four.
C.   When he is six.
D.  When he is eight.
 
45. The passage is mainly about
A.   the importance of pre-school education.
B.   the importance of schooling⁸.
C.   The role of play in a child’s development.
D.  The choice of toys for adolescents.
 
2005年职称英语等级考试试题
                       Two People，Two Paths
      You must be familiar with the situation：Dad’s driving，Mum’s telling him where to go．He’s sure that they need to turn 1eft．But she says it’s not for another two blocks．Who has the better sense of direction? Men or women?
      They both do, a new study says．but in different ways．
      Men and women．Canadian researchers have found，have different methods of finding their way．Men look quickly at landmarks⁹ (地标)and head off in what they think is the right direction Women, however,try to picture the whole route in detail and then f01low the path in their head.
      “Women tend to be more detailed¹¹．”said Edward Cornell，who led the study。“while men tend to be a little bit faster and…a little bit more intuitive(直觉感知的)”
      In fact．said Cornell．“sense of direction”isn’t one skill but two．
      The first is the“survey method，’．This is when you see an area from above，such as a printed map. You can see．for example，where the hospital is，where the church is and that the supermarket is on its right
      The second skill is the“route method”This is when you use a series of directions．Yon start from the hospital．then turn 1eft．turn right，go uphill—and then you see the supermarket．
      Men are more likely to use the survey method while women are more likely to use one route and follow directions
      Both work．and neither is better
      Some scientists insist that these different skills have a long history．They argue it is because of the difference in traditional roles．
      In ancient times．young men often went far away with the older men to fish or hunt The trip took hours or days and covered unfamiliar¹² places．The only way to know where you were was to use the survey method to remember landmarks—the mountains．the 1akes and so on．
      The women，on the other hand，took young girls out to find fruits and plants．These activities were much closer to home but required learning well—used paths．So，women’s sense of space was based on learning certain routes

31  Women are more likely to use
    A  the survey method       B the traditional method．
    C  the route method        D the right method

32  When finding his way Dad tends to rely on
     A his intuitive knowledge     B his book knowledge
     C  Mum’s assistance          D the police’s assistance

33  Which works better the route method or the survey method?
    A The survey method         B  The route method．
    C  Either                            D   Neither
 
34  Which of the following is NOT a landmark¹⁰?
A  Along river                         B  A high mountain．
C  A magnificent church          D  A path in your head
 
35  Women developed a sense of space out of the need
   A  to go fishing                     B to go hunting 
   C  to learn well-used paths   D to go swimming．
 
第5部分: 补全短文( 每题2分, 共10分)
第6部分: 完型填空 (第51-65题, 每题1分, 共15分)