英语合同的特点(一)
文章来源: 文章作者: 发布时间:2007-04-05 03:26 字体: [ ]  进入论坛
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(一)Contract 与 Agreement的区别

  在英语中,合同一般称为Contract,协议一般称为Agreement.

  1.何谓"contract"?

  1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为: A contact in this Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations".根据这一定义,合同是平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。

  Steven H.Gifts编著的"Law Dictionary"中将contract 定义为"contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach1 of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty."根据这一定义,合同是一种承诺,违反承诺可以得到法律救助,某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看做是一种补偿。

  L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典"A Dictionary of Law"给contract的定义:"Contract is a legally binding2 agreement"根据这一定义,合同就是有法律约束力的协议。

  综合起来,有一个相同点,就是"Contract is an agreement",即可将合同说成是"An agreement which binds3 the parties concerned"或者说合同说成是"An agreement which is enforceable by law",也可以说:Contracts are promises that the law will enforce.

  2.何谓"Agreement"?

  L.B "A consensus4 of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke5 or written form, relating to anything done or to be done."根据这一定义,协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜,经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见,以口头或书面形式做出的约定。

  Black "Law Dictionary"有两个定义。一个是:"A concord6 of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance"根据这一定义,协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。

  另一个是:"The consent of two or more persons concurring7 respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual8 obligation."根据这一定义,协议即两个或多个当事人,为了约定单方责任或相互责任,就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。

  3.Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢?

  合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们(要约和承诺构成的)协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。

  L.B Curzon编著的"A Diction of Law"提到:"Contract generally involves":

  1.offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要约和绝对接受);

  2.consensus ad idem (意思表示一致,也叫meeting of minds);

  3.intention to create legal relations(建立合同关系的意愿);

  4.genuineness of consent(同意的真实性);

  5.contractual capacity of the parties(合同当事人的缔约能力);

  6.legality of object(标的物的合法性);

  7.possibility of performance(履行的可能性);

  8.certainty of terms(条款的确定性);

  9.valuable consideration(等价有偿)。

  Black 'Law Dictionary" 中解释道:Although often used as synonyms9 with "contract", agreement is a broader term, e.g.an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact."即"协议"和"合同"经常用作同义词,但"协议"这一术语含义更广,例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款(essential clauses/provisions)。

  实际使用当中,协议可不受必备条款的限制,而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款,有的合同将其单列,称为一般条款(General provisions)。

  1999中国《合同法》第十二条规定了八项一般条款,分别是:

  1.title or name and domicile of the parities10(当事人的名称或姓名和住址);

  2.contract object(标的);

  3.quantity(数量);

  4.quality(质量);

  5.price or remuneration(价款或者报酬);

  6.time limit, place and method of performance (履行期限、地点和方式);

  7.liability for breach of contract(违约责任);

  8.methods to settle disputes (解决争议的方法)。

  上述解释说明,contract(合同)和agreement(协议)的概念虽然接近,但使用范围不同,不能互换使用。合同是协议的重要组成部分,所有合同一定是协议,而协议不见得都是合同。可以说具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同



点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 breach 2sgzw     
n.违反,不履行;破裂;vt.冲破,攻破
参考例句:
  • We won't have any breach of discipline.我们不允许任何破坏纪律的现象。
  • He was sued for breach of contract.他因不履行合同而被起诉。
2 binding 2yEzWb     
有约束力的,有效的,应遵守的
参考例句:
  • The contract was not signed and has no binding force. 合同没有签署因而没有约束力。
  • Both sides have agreed that the arbitration will be binding. 双方都赞同仲裁具有约束力。
3 binds c1d4f6440575ef07da0adc7e8adbb66c     
v.约束( bind的第三人称单数 );装订;捆绑;(用长布条)缠绕
参考例句:
  • Frost binds the soil. 霜使土壤凝结。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Stones and cement binds strongly. 石头和水泥凝固得很牢。 来自《简明英汉词典》
4 consensus epMzA     
n.(意见等的)一致,一致同意,共识
参考例句:
  • Can we reach a consensus on this issue?我们能在这个问题上取得一致意见吗?
  • What is the consensus of opinion at the afternoon meeting?下午会议上一致的意见是什么?
5 spoke XryyC     
n.(车轮的)辐条;轮辐;破坏某人的计划;阻挠某人的行动 v.讲,谈(speak的过去式);说;演说;从某种观点来说
参考例句:
  • They sourced the spoke nuts from our company.他们的轮辐螺帽是从我们公司获得的。
  • The spokes of a wheel are the bars that connect the outer ring to the centre.辐条是轮子上连接外圈与中心的条棒。
6 concord 9YDzx     
n.和谐;协调
参考例句:
  • These states had lived in concord for centuries.这些国家几个世纪以来一直和睦相处。
  • His speech did nothing for racial concord.他的讲话对种族和谐没有作用。
7 concurring 39fa2f2bfe5d505a1a086e87282cf7dd     
同时发生的,并发的
参考例句:
  • Concurring with expectations, the degree of polymorphism was highest in the central. 正如所料,多型性程度在中部种群中最高。
  • The more an affect arises from a number of causes concurring together, the greater it is. 同时凑合起来以激起一个情感的原因愈多,则这个情感将必愈大。
8 mutual eFOxC     
adj.相互的,彼此的;共同的,共有的
参考例句:
  • We must pull together for mutual interest.我们必须为相互的利益而通力合作。
  • Mutual interests tied us together.相互的利害关系把我们联系在一起。
9 synonyms 61074ebd64d7f24131fd4b896f51f711     
同义词( synonym的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • If you want to grasp English, you must carefully discriminate synonyms. 如果你想掌握好英语,你必须仔细区分同义词。
  • Study the idioms and synonyms l wrote down before your test. 学考试前我给你写的习惯用语和同义字。
10 parities e5e82537e62f7938ad014c2d75db50ca     
同等( parity的名词复数 ); 相等; 对等; 奇偶校验
参考例句:
  • A system where no official parities for currencies are declared or maintained. 指一种官方不公开汇率目标的汇率制度。
  • In 2000 developing countries accounted for 37% of world output (at purchasing power parities). 2000年时,发展中国家只占全世界经济产出的37%(以消费力平价计算)。
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