The O. K. Corral Trial
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The Old West's most famous gunbattle lasted all of about thirty seconds, but it left three men dead, three other men shot, and enough questions to occupy historians for more than a century.  The gunfight also led to criminal charges being filed against the three Earp brothers (Wyatt, Virgil, and Morgan) and Doc Holliday who, near the O. K. Corral on October 26, 1881, decided1 to enforce the law against four notorious "cowboys."  The hearing that followed the shoot-out considered the question of whether the Earps and Hollidays killed out of a justifiable2 fear for their own lives or simply to rid themselves of troublemakers3 and personal enemies.  After listening to weeks of testimony4, Judge Spicer gave his answer——but whether his answer was the right one remained a subject of considerable debate long after the silver mines that gave birth to Tombstone, Arizona had vanished.

  Background

  In 1877, in the dry washes of the San Pedro Valley at the foot of the Huachuca Mountains in southern Arizona about thirty miles from the Mexican border, a prospector5 discovered an outcropping of high grade silver.  Soon that same summer another prospector named Ed Schieffelin would venture into the same hot, dry Apache country after being warned by a soldier, "The only rock you'll find out there will be your own tombstone!"  Schieffelin found more than that——though the warning he received would inspire the naming of a town laid out less than two years later near his silver strike.

  Tombstone grew from 40 cabins, and a population of 100, when it was organized in March of 1879 to more than 7,000 two years later.  By late 1881, the classic boomtown  had more saloons, more gambling6 houses, and a larger "boothill" and "red light" district than any town in the southwest.

  Tombstone was wild even by the standards of the wild West.  Horse rustlers and bandits plagued the town.  Shootings were frighteningly commonplace.  George Parsons, a Tombstone resident who kept a detailed8 diary in the town's early years, complained of the "hard crowd."  He wrote that "killing9 such men" would be like killing "wild animals."  Parsons opined, "The law must be carried out by the citizens, or should be, when it fails in its performance as it has lately done."

  Into this anarchic environment came the Earp brothers.  Wyatt Earp arrived in late 1879 after serving for four years as a lawman in Dodge10 City, Kansas.  Coming into town with Wyatt were his brothers James and Virgil.  Morgan, the youngest of the Earp brothers, reached Tombstone the following summer.  (Another man whose name would come to be associated with the Earps, Doc Holliday, pulled into town a few months after Morgan.)

  Like so many other Tombstone residents, the Earps saw money to be made in the boomtown.  They staked mining claims.  Wyatt acquired a 25% interest in a faro game at the Oriental Saloon in return for providing the saloon's security.  James took a job as a faro dealer11 and bartender, while Virgil and Morgan found employment guarding stagecoach12 shipments for Wells Fargo.  Virgil also worked as deputy U. S. marshal and about a half year after his arrival, Wyatt began serving as a deputy sheriff for Pima County.

  In 1881 in the area around Tombstone, "cowboys" was a pejorative14 term used to describe a rootless group of roughnecks, many from Texas, who rustled15 horses and sometimes engaged in other forms of lawbreaking.  George Parson wrote in his diary, "A cowboy is a rustler7 at times, and a rustler is a synonym16 for desperado——bandit, outlaw17, and horse thief."  The San Francisco Examiner editorialized, "Cowboys [are] the most reckless class of outlaws18 in that wild country……infinitely worse than the ordinary robber."

  Historians generally consider the men killed in the O.K. Corral gunfight, the Billy Clanton and Tom and Frank McLaury, to be Cowboys.  Among the Cowboys, the Clanton family stood out.  Clantons rustled cattle, making raids on both sides of the border, and the Cowboys used Old Man Clanton's ranch19 a a center for their illegal business operations.  The McLaurys worked closely with rustlers, either purchasing stolen stock or serving as "fences of the frontier."

  Events Leading to the Shoot-Out

  The Earps and Cowboys began their confrontational20 relationship in the summer of 1880 when deputy marshal Virgil Earp asked Wyatt and Morgan to hunt down the horse thieves who had stolen six mules21 from a nearby Army outpost.   Following a tip, Wyatt and Morgan discovered the stolen mules at the McLaury ranch with their "US" brand changed to "D8."  Frank McLaury reacted angrily to the Earp's intervention22 in the case, considering them to be acting23 as "citizens" rather than as lawmen, and warned them to stay clear of his ranch and his operations.

  On October 28, 1880, a more serious crime took place.  When Marshal Frank White tried to disarm24 Curly Brocius, a notorious Cowboy, Brocius's gun fired a bullet (whether intentionally25 or accidentally was a matter of dispute), fatally wounding White.  The Tombstone town council appointed Virgil Earp as acting marshal.  After losing an election for town marshal the following November, Virgil resumed his prior position as deputy U. S. marshal.

  Meanwhile, a rivalry26 began brewing27 between Wyatt Earp,  a friend of Tombstone's commercial interests, and Johnny Behan, a man more popular among the town's less respectable elements.  Adding heat to the rivalry was that both men competed for the affections of the same pretty woman, Josephine Marcus.  (Josephine, after living for a time with Behan, would eventually be won over by Wyatt Earp, and the two would marry in 1888 and live together for almost fifty years.)  Earp and Behan both sought appointment from Arizona's governor as sheriff.  Earp dropped his candidacy after it became apparent that Governor Fremont favored Behan and (Earp claimed) Behan promised to appoint Wyatt as undersheriff——a promise, it turned out,  that Behan would not keep.

  On March 15, 1881, outlaws stormed the Tombstone-Benson stagecoach, making off $26,000 and killing the driver and a passenger on the coach.  Two posses headed out after the outlaw band, one led by Virgil Earp and including Wyatt and Morgan, as well as Bat Masterson and Doc Holliday.  The other posses was led by Sheriff Behan.  The Earp posse managed to track down one member of the gang, who confessed to holding horses while the holdup took place, and turned the man over to the Behan posse.  The man would not remain in custody28 long, as he soon "escaped" from an unlocked jail house door.  The Earps suspected that Behan might have been complicit in the escape, and became further irritated when the sheriff refused to pay the Earps for their posse work.

  Wyatt  Earp's determination to get the job of sheriff  from Behan led him to strike a deal with Ike Clanton.  Earp promised to get the $6000 in reward money offered by Wells Fargo for arrest of the ambushers of its stagecoach if he would——secretly——provide him with information that would lead to the capture of the criminals.  Earp reasoned that if he could pull off arrests in this closely followed case, his popularity would soar and his prospects29 for becoming sheriff greatly increased.  Clanton agreed to the deal, but the bargain would never come to fruition as the Cowboys responsible for the crime all were killed in a New Mexico gunfight before Clanton could spring a trap for Earp.

  October 25-26, 1881

  Ike Clanton and Tom McLaury arrived in Tombstone in the evening of October 25, 1881, carrying a wagon30 load of beef.  Around midnight, Clanton showed up at the Alhambra Saloon for a meal, where he encountered Doc Holliday.  Clanton, worried about being revealed to his fellow Cowboys as a snitch, might have planned to meet Holliday as part of Wyatt's plan to calm his fears that Earp would spill the beans about their secret deal.  That, at least,  is one theory suggested by some historians.  Another theory is that the Holliday-Clanton meeting was set up by Earp to keep Clanton in line because the promise of possible reward money was no longer present to keep a lid on his activities.  Holliday was a tough character, very capable of making a convincing threat.

  Soon the meeting between Clanton and Holliday degenerated31 into a series of taunts32 and insults.  Morgan Earp, who provided security at the Alhambra, intervened to get both men to leave the saloon.  On the street, Clanton ran into Wyatt Earp, who he told——according to Earp——he would like to see for "a man for man" in the morning.  Clanton then found his way into an all-night poker33 game at the Occidental Saloon, where other players included Johnny Behan, Virgil Earp, and Tom McLaury.  After the game, Clanton——still simmering——threatened a fight with Holliday.

  After a few hours sleep, the Earp brothers awoke to hear reports that Clanton had continued to threaten the Earps and Holliday through the morning.  Virgil and Morgan found him near Allen Street.  Virgil grabbed Clanton's rifle and used his own revolver to club Clanton to the ground.  The two Earps dragged Clanton into a Tombstone courtroom and charged him with violating a town ordinance34 that prohibited the carrying of firearms in public places.  Wyatt Earp, arriving at the courtroom to help, took to badgering Clanton, calling him a "damned dirty cow thief" and expressing a willingness to fight him "anywhere on earth."  Clanton responded in kind, telling him that "Fight is my racket."  After paying $25, Clanton was allowed to leave without his rifle.

  Wyatt Earp ran into Tom McLaury just as he left the courthouse.  Still in bad temper, Earp pulled out his revolver and whacked35 McLaury on the head and shoulder, sending him spilling into the street.

  A showdown was coming.  Billy Clanton and Frank McLaury arrived in town just as emotions ran at their highest.  Learning of their brothers' ungentle treatment by the Earps, the two new arrivals headed for a local gun shop, where they loaded bullets into their gunbelts.  From the gun shop, the two headed to the O. K. Corral, where they met their brothers and discussed their next step.  They then moved to a vacant lot next to Fly's rooming house on Fremont Street.

  Sheriff Behan, alerted to the developing trouble, found the McLaury brothers and tried to convince Frank to surrender his weapon.  McLaury refused, saying he would only turn over his gun if "those other people [the Earps and Holliday] were disarmed36."  Behan patted down Ike Clanton, finding no weapon, while Tom McLaury opened his coat to show that he was unarmed.  Behan made no attempt to disarm Billy Clanton, who told the sheriff he was on his way out of town.  After about twenty minutes of vainly trying to get Frank McLaury to give up his gun, the sheriff left.

  The three Earp brothers and Doc Holliday began a walk down Fremont Street, where they understood their adversaries37 to be waiting.  Johnny Behan met them near a butcher shop and tried to persuade them not to continue.  "For God's sake, don't go down there or you will get murdered," Behan warned.  When they ignored him, Behan yelled the contradictory38 words, "I have disarmed them all."  Still, the Earps and Hollidays continued their march.

  When the Earp-Holliday party came within about ten feet of the Clantons and McLaurys they stopped.  Virgil Earp raised the walking stick in his right hand and shouted, in one version of the story, "Boys, throw up your hands, I want your guns."   Seconds later, shots rang out, first from the Earp party.  After a few seconds, in the words of Wyatt, the shooting "became general."  Within thirty seconds, it was over.  Frank McLaury lay fatally wounded with a bullet through his head on Fremont Street.  Billy Clanton, hit in the chest, was dying in the vacant lot.   Tom  McLaury lay mortally wounded with a load of  Doc Holliday's buckshot.  Ike Clanton managed to escape into Fly's house.  Holliday, Virgil, and Morgan, all were injured, with hip13, leg, and shoulder wounds, respectively.  Among the gunfighters, only Wyatt Earp remained unharmed.

  Prosecution39 of the Earps and Holliday

  A shaken Sheriff Behan made an aborted40 attempt to arrest Wyatt Earp and Doc Holliday, after Morgan and Virgil were taken away by wagon for treatment.  "Wyatt, I'm arresting you for murder," Behan announced.  Wyatt, taken momentarily aback, replied, "I won't be arrested," and accused Behan of misleading him into thinking the Clantons and McLaurys were all unarmed.  Other citizens came up to defend Earp.  One insisted, "He done just right in killing them, and the people will uphold them."  Behan decided not to make any arrests——at least for the present time.

  The shoot-out was the talk of the town.  The Tombstone Nugget ran a story noting that "The 26th of October, 1881, will always be marked as one of the crimson41 days in the annals of Tombstone, a day when blood flowed as water, and human life was held as a shuttlecock."  Citizens seemed divided on whether the Earps acted appropriately in firing so quickly.  Many residents asked why Doc Holliday, a hothead with an ax to grind, was deputized by Earp to assist in the disarming42 of the Clantons and McLaurys.  A funeral for the slain43 men showed deep sympathy for the slain men, with three hundred people joining a procession to Boot Hill, and an estimated crowd of more than 2,000 others watching form Tombstone's dusty sidewalks.

  Two days after the shoot-out, Coroner Henry Matthews opened a formal inquest.  The coroner presented nine witnesses before his jury, including Behan and Ike Clanton, as well as some more-or-less neutral witnesses.  After listening to the conflicting stories and numerous accounts of previous trouble between the feuding45 parties, the Coroner issued an unhelpful verdict——neither condemning46 or exonerating47 the shootings——that left legal matters in limbo48: "William Clanton, Frank and Thomas McLaury, came to their deaths in the town of Tombstone on October 26, 1881, from the effects of pistol and gunshot wounds inflicted49 by Virgil Earp, Morgan Earp, Wyatt Earp, and one——Holliday, commonly called 'Doc Holliday'."

  The day after Coroner Matthews announced his verdict, Ike Clanton filed first-degree murder charges against the Earps and Holliday.  Sheriff Behan, who might have been expected to file the charges, seemed content to let Clanton take the initiative, leaving him to the job of testifying against the Earps.  The case was scheduled for a preliminary hearing before Justice of the Peace Wells W. Spicer.  (Wells Spicer rose to national prominence50 in 1874-76 when he defended John D. Lee——who he argued became a scapegoat51 for Brigham Young and Church elders——in the "Mountain Meadows Massacre52" trial, a case growing out of the slaughter53 by Mormons disguised as Paiute Indians of over a hundred men, women and children as they traveled by wagons54 across southern Utah.)

  Spicer's job was to determine whether the evidence indicated "sufficient cause to believe the defendants55 guilty" of the crime of murder.  Oftentimes, preliminary hearings are rather perfunctory affairs, as defendants concede the inevitability56 of a full trial (and want not to expose their full hand to the prosecution early in the game) and prosecutors58 present only enough testimony to meet the legal standard.  Not so in this case, however.  The defense59 believed that Judge Spicer, a member of the Tombstone establishment that might be expected to be sympathetic to the Earps, presented a better hope for their freedom than a jury of twelve men selected at random60.  The preliminary hearing thus took on the appearance of a regular criminal trial, with thirty witnesses and full cross-examination by attorneys for both sides.  It would become the longest preliminary hearing in Arizona history, lasting61 nearly one month.

  Thomas Fitch ably represented the Earps.  Fitch had impressive credentials62.  He was a former state legislator from California, former U. S. congressman63 from Nevada, former general counsel for the Church of Latter Day Saints in Utah, and a close friend of Arizona's governor.  As a trial lawyer, Fitch had a well-deserved reputation as a master strategist.

  The prosecution team suffered from including members with rather different goals.  Prosecutor57 Lyttleton Price, appointed by the governor, was suspect in the eyes of Clanton-McLaury sympathizers because of his ties to Tombstone's establishment.  Ben Goodrich, Ike Clanton's personal lawyer, clearly did not receive the same suspicion, yet understood——as did Price——the benefits of not presenting the prosecution case in its most extreme form.  Will McLaury (brother of the Tom and Frank), however, arrived from Texas to join the prosecution team sharing no interest in anything but an all-out attack on the defendants.

  Testimony in the hearing began behind closed doors——at the request of the defense——on October 31, 1881.  Coroner Matthews opened testimony for the prosecution by stating the dead men were killed by "gunshot or pistol wounds," and that Tom McLaury's wounds indicated that he had been killed by a shotgun rather than a revolver.

  The next day the prosecution sent to the stand its first witness offered to prove its central argument: the slain men were killed before they had time to surrender their weapons.  Billy Allen told the court that he told when he informed Frank McLaury that his brother Tom "had been hit on the head by Wyatt Earp," he appeared shock and said, "I will get the boys out of town."  Later, as a witness to the gunfight, Allen heard one of the Earps say, "You sons-of-bitches, you have been looking for a fight!" and the same time Virgil Earp ordered the Clantons and McLaurys to "Throw up your hands!"  Allen said the Earp party began firing just as William Clanton said, "I ain't got no arms."  On cross-examination, Thomas Fitch bombarded Allen with questions about his shady past: Hadn't he been indicted64 for larceny65 in Colorado?  Didn't he flee to Tombstone to avoid prosecution?  Hadn't he used an alias66?  Allen exercised his constitutional right to refuse to answer, but his credibility was severely67 damaged.

  On the third day of the trial, Sheriff Johnny Behan testified that he learning about the fast-brewing trouble in his town while sitting in a barber chair.  "I asked the barber to hurry up and get through," Behan said, "as I intended to go out and disarm and arrest the parties."  Behan testified that he demanded at least four times that Frank McLaury turn over his gun, but repeatedly met with McLaury's objection that he would do so only when the Earps were also disarmed.  Behan said his efforts to disarm McLaury were interrupted when he spotting the Earps and Holliday marching down Fremont Street.  Behan told the Earps he had been "down there for the purpose of arresting and disarming the Clantons and McLaurys," and ordered the Earps to stop.  "I'm the Sheriff of the county and am not going to allow any trouble if I can help it," Behan claimed to have said.  Behan testified that the Earps continued down Fremont Street undaunted, as he followed behind urging them to reconsider.  When the Earps arrived at the spot where their adversaries had gathered, Behan heard Wyatt say, "You sons of bitches have been looking for a fight and now you can have it" about the same time Virgil ordered, "Throw up your hands."  The shooting commenced instantly, Behan testified, with——he thought, although "I will not say for certain"——the first shot being fired at Billy Clanton by Doc Holliday.

  In his cross-examination of Sheriff Behan, Thomas Fitch tried to establish possible bias68 and tried to point out problems with his description of the gunfight.  Possible bias, Fitch suggested, came from Behan's competition with Wyatt for the position as sheriff.   (He resisted the temptation to ask Behan about the love triangle that included him, Wyatt, and Josephine Marcus.) Fitch's main focus with respect to Behan's  description of the shooting  concerned  his testimony that the  first shot  probably came from a "nickel-plated  pistol" in Holliday's hand.  How is that possible, Fitch wondered,  when  so many other witnesses identified Holliday as  having  a shotgun?  Did he drop the pistol and grab a shotgun, all in the space of a few seconds?  Most  effectively, perhaps,  Fitch questioned  Behan about his visit to the injured Virgil Earp on the night of the gunfight, in which he reportedly assured Earp, "You did perfectly69 right."

  Other prosecution witnesses offered testimony suggesting that the shooting of the McLaurys and Clanton was premeditated.  Martha King told the court that, standing70 near a butcher shop on Fremont Street, she heard one of the Earps (she was not sure which one) tell Holliday, "Let them have it." Holliday, she testified, answered, "All right."  Wesley Fuller testified that the shooting began before the Clantons and McLaurys had a chance to respond to the demand that they disarm.  Fuller said that Billy Clanton had thrown up his hands and was shouting "Don't shoot me!" as the bullets began flying.  On cross-examination, however, Fuller's credibility was damaged when he admitted to having told a friend that he meant "to cinch Holliday" with his testimony.

  In the middle of the prosecution case, Judge Spicer, to the surprise of the defendants, revoked71 Wyatt Earp's and Doc Holliday's bail72, and on November 7 committed them to the county jail.  Will McLaury was overjoyed at the decision of Spicer to grant his motion, boasting that "Everybody wanted to see me and shake my hands" upon hearing that "the murderers were in jail."

  Brought from jail to Spicer's court the next morning, Earp and Holliday listened as prosecution witness Billy "the Kid" Claiborne testified that their party "had their six-shooters in their hands" well before they reached the lot where the Clantons and McLaurys had gathered.  The witness provided a detailed description of the gunfight that suggested premeditation on the part of the Earp party.  Claiborne said he heard Virgil shout "you can have it [the fight they had been looking for]" even before he told them to "throw up" their hands.  He claimed "Morgan Earp shoved his pistol up close" to Bill Clanton "and fired."  Cross-examination of Claiborne raised doubts about his assertion that the Earps had guns in hand as they headed down Fremont Street and left Claiborne  silent when asked whether he was at present under bail for his role in "a killing scrape" in Charleston.

  Ike Clanton probably never should have been called as a witness by the prosecution, but he was.  In Clanton's recounting of the gunfight, his brother was gunned down by Morgan Earp as "his hands were thrown up about even with the level of his head."  Split seconds later, Ike took Wyatt Earp's pistol-holding hand with "my left hand and grabbed him around the shoulder with my right hand……and pushed him around the corner," allowing Ike to duck into the safety of the photograph gallery.  Clanton said the trouble started the night before when Holliday interrupted his meal and began calling him "a son-of-a-bitch of a cowboy" and challenging him to a gunfight.  Morgan soon arrived, Clanton testified, and told me "to be heeled when I came back on the street."  Later, he said, Virgil Earp buffaloed him and then Wyatt stuck a cocked pistol at him during his arrest.  In short, Clanton painted the picture of a group of out-of-control men anxious for a fight——without offering any real explanation for their animosity toward him.

  In his cross-examination of Clanton, Fitch forced Ike to admit that he had carried a Winchester rifle around Tombstone on the morning of the gunfight, and made clear he was no less anxious——if not more so——than Holliday or the Earps for a showdown.  Most significantly, the defense bore down on a probable motivation for Clanton's anger: his fear that the secret deal he had made with Wyatt Earp to turn in the men responsible for the stagecoach robbery would be revealed to his Cowboy friends.  Clanton's answers badly damaged the prosecution case, as Ike offered incredible testimony suggesting that the Earps were behind the stagecoach robbery (Doc Holliday told him, he said, that he shot the stagecoach driver "through the heart") and offering the theory that the killing of the Clantons and McLaurys was an attempt to keep them from bringing charges.  The prosecution offered four additional witnesses after Clanton, and then rested its case.

  The Defense

  On November 16, 1881, the defense opened its case by calling to the stand Wyatt Earp.  In Earp's case, the defense took advantage of an Arizona law permitting defendants in preliminary hearings to avoid cross-examination by offering a narrative73 statement.  Earp chose to read an account of events that almost certainly was prepared with the assistance of his attorney.  Earp told the court that the October gunfight "originated" with the feud44 between the Earps and McLaury's that had begun that spring when the Earps attempted to retrieve74 stolen mules from McLaury's farm.  According to Earp, the McLaury's had been waiting for a chance to get even ever since, and he recounted several threats he received from McLaury as evidence.  Wyatt forcefully denied any involvement with the stagecoach robbery and murder.  Clanton's accusation76 was "a tissue of lies from beginning to end."

  Earp portrayed77 the October 26 shoot-out as the unfortunate result of Behan's deceiving them into thinking that he had disarmed the Clantons and McLaurys.  Only when he and the rest of his party came within close range of the men did they realize that McLaury and Clanton had six-shooters "in plain sight."  He testified that the shooting began when, in response to Virgil's demand that they disarm, "Billy and Frank reached for their guns."  Earp claimed to have, along with Billy Clanton, fired one of the first two shots of the gunfight——his striking "the belly78" of Frank McLaury who, Earp said, "had the reputation of being a good shot."  Tom McLaury, another victim of the shoot-out, might have been unarmed, Earp admitted, but nothing at the time "led me even to suspect his being unarmed."  In sum, Earp offered a compelling story of self-defense: lawmen enforcing the law (carrying guns violated a Tombstone ordinance) being forced to make the tough split-second decision to fire before it was too late to save themselves.

  Three days after Wyatt testified, his brother Virgil took the stand——or, more precisely79, the court came to his bedside in the Cosmopolitan80 Hotel, where he lay recovering from his gunshot wound.  In his somewhat disjointed testimony, Virgil recounted his futile81 efforts to calm down an irate82 Ike Clanton the night before the shoot-out.  He testified that the following morning a man warned him that Clanton had threatened to "kill me on sight." Another man named "Sills" told him he had overheard the Clantons and McLaurys talking, and one of them had said of the Earps: "We will kill them all!"  Hearing that the Clantons and McLaurys had gathered at the O.K. Corral, he determined83 to let them be "as long as they stayed in the corral," but disarm and arrest them "if they cam on the street."  When they moved out on to Fremont Street, Virgil said, his brothers and the Holliday, who he deputized, made their fateful march leading to the gunfight.  Virgil insisted that Frank and Billy "drew their six-shooters and commenced to cock them" as soon as he gave them the order to disarm.  Two shots, one from Billy Clanton and the other——most likely——from Wyatt, went off in quick succession and then the shooting became "general."

  Other witnesses, including the H. F. Sills alluded84 to by Virgil Earp in his testimony, testified about overheard threats against the Earps. Ned Boyle reported that Ike Clanton told him on the morning of the shoot-out that "as soon as the Earps and Doc Holliday showed themselves on the street, the ball would open."  Rezin Campbell testified that he heard Ike warn Wyatt that "Fight is my racket, and all I want is four feet of ground."

  Other witnesses further weakened the prosecution's already eroding85 case.  Winfield Williams testified that he heard Sheriff Johnny Behan, at Virgil's house on the night after the gunfight, tell Earp, "You did perfectly right."  Hotel owner Albert Billicke told the court that shortly before the gunfight he saw Tom McLaury leave a butcher shop on Fremont Street with what could only be a gun protruding86 from his pants pocket.  Annie Bourland, who witnessed the shoot-out, said that she did not see any of the Clantons or McLaurys throw up their hands in a gesture of surrender before the shooting commenced.

  Testimony in the hearing ended on November 29.  After listening to thirty witnesses, it was time for Judge Spicer to make his decision.

  Decision and Aftermath

  Judge Spicer's decision was a near total victory for the defense: there would be no criminal trial of the Earps or of Holliday.  Although he considered Virgil's decision to request the assistance of his brothers and Doc Holliday in disarming the Clantons and McLaurys "an injudicious and censurable87 act", it failed to rise to the level of a criminal offense88.  "I can attach no criminality to his unwise act," the judge announced.  Spicer said that much of the blame for the gunfight must rest with Ike Clanton and the deceased men for failing to heed89 Sheriff Behan's request that they give up their arms.  For McLaury to insist that the Earps be disarmed before he is, Spicer said, "is a proposition both monstrous90 and startling."  Chief of Police Earp and his assistants had every "right and duty" to be armed when they approached "men whom they believed to be armed and contemplating91 resistance."  The "tragic92 results" of the Clantons and McLaurys actions were largely their own fault.  "I cannot resist the conclusion that the defendants were fully75 justified93 in committing these homicides," Spicer concluded.  "There being no sufficient cause" to believe the defendants guilty of murder, "I order them to be released."

  As might be expected in a town where an establishment camp and a rougher-edged crowd battled over everything, the reaction to Judge Spicer's decision was divided.  While the Tombstone Epitaph had nothing but praise for Spicer, the Tombstone Nugget called his decision contemptible94.  Angry elements of the Cowboy faction95 plotted revenge, and then carried it out.  Two weeks after Spicer's controversial decision, Pro-Earp Mayor John Clum leaped out of a stagecoach to escape bandits attempting to assassinate96 him.  Two more weeks later, Virgil Earp was ambushed97 by several men——probably including Ike Clanton——as he walked home from a saloon at night.  Two loads of buckshot left his arm virtually immobile for the rest of his life.  (Clanton faced charges for the attempted murder, but the charges were dismissed for lack of evidence.)  In March, 1882, a final act of revenge took the life of Morgan Earp.  A bullet fired through the window of a pool hall struck Morgan in his abdomen98 and then passed through his spinal99 column.  He lived for about another hour, telling his friends before he died only, "I have played my last game of pool."

  The death of Morgan and the wounding of Virgil sent Wyatt Earp off on what would become known as his "Vendetta100 Ride."  Wyatt tracked down and mercilessly killed Frank Stilwell, one of the suspects in his brother's slaying101.  With a murder warrant out for his arrest, Wyatt found in a Dragoon Mountains camp another suspect in Morgan's shooting, "Indian Charlie," and killed him as well.  A third suspect, Curly  Bill Brocius, also met his death at Wyatt's hands, having been found by Earp with a group of Cowboys in a clearing near Iron Springs.

  Earp fled to New Mexico with a small group of his supporters, and from there traveled with Doc Holliday to Colorado.  Arizona officials requested that Earp and Holliday be extradited to their state to face charges, but Colorado Governor Frederick Pitkin denied the request.

  Within a few years, silver production in Tombstone mines dropped sharply, and the boomtown lost its boom.  It seemed headed toward ghost town status, but continuing interest in the famous shoot-out of 1881 brought in enough tourists to keep the old town alive.

  Wyatt Earp married Josephine Marcus in 1887. The two would adventure widely together for many decades, from San Francisco to Idaho to El Paso to Alaska.  Earp refereed102 heavyweight boxing matches, mined for gold,  sold real estate, raised race horses, and ran saloons and gambling halls.  Earp died in January 1929 at age eighty.

Douglas O. Linder


点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 decided lvqzZd     
adj.决定了的,坚决的;明显的,明确的
参考例句:
  • This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
  • There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。
2 justifiable a3ExP     
adj.有理由的,无可非议的
参考例句:
  • What he has done is hardly justifiable.他的所作所为说不过去。
  • Justifiable defense is the act being exempted from crimes.正当防卫不属于犯罪行为。
3 troublemakers 2d09f1f3c2345e9bf267eb0820a3b2ec     
n.惹是生非者,捣乱者( troublemaker的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • He was employed to chuck out any troublemakers. 他受雇把捣乱者赶走。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • She had automatically labelled the boys as troublemakers. 她不假思索地认定这些男孩子是捣蛋鬼。 来自《简明英汉词典》
4 testimony zpbwO     
n.证词;见证,证明
参考例句:
  • The testimony given by him is dubious.他所作的证据是可疑的。
  • He was called in to bear testimony to what the police officer said.他被传入为警官所说的话作证。
5 prospector JRhxB     
n.探矿者
参考例句:
  • Although he failed as a prospector, he succeeded as a journalist.他作为采矿者遭遇失败,但作为记者大获成功。
  • The prospector staked his claim to the mine he discovered.那个勘探者立桩标出他所发现的矿区地以示归己所有。
6 gambling ch4xH     
n.赌博;投机
参考例句:
  • They have won a lot of money through gambling.他们赌博赢了很多钱。
  • The men have been gambling away all night.那些人赌了整整一夜。
7 rustler bYdxr     
n.[美口]偷牛贼
参考例句:
  • The ants have cornered the rustler and are attacking it. 蚂蚁把大虫围困起来并展开进攻。
  • Roffman is a cattle-rustler, and he'sgot some stuff for sale. 罗夫曼是个盗肉贼,他又有赃可销了。
8 detailed xuNzms     
adj.详细的,详尽的,极注意细节的,完全的
参考例句:
  • He had made a detailed study of the terrain.他对地形作了缜密的研究。
  • A detailed list of our publications is available on request.我们的出版物有一份详细的目录备索。
9 killing kpBziQ     
n.巨额利润;突然赚大钱,发大财
参考例句:
  • Investors are set to make a killing from the sell-off.投资者准备清仓以便大赚一笔。
  • Last week my brother made a killing on Wall Street.上个周我兄弟在华尔街赚了一大笔。
10 dodge q83yo     
v.闪开,躲开,避开;n.妙计,诡计
参考例句:
  • A dodge behind a tree kept her from being run over.她向树后一闪,才没被车从身上辗过。
  • The dodge was coopered by the police.诡计被警察粉碎了。
11 dealer GyNxT     
n.商人,贩子
参考例句:
  • The dealer spent hours bargaining for the painting.那个商人为购买那幅画花了几个小时讨价还价。
  • The dealer reduced the price for cash down.这家商店对付现金的人减价优惠。
12 stagecoach PuQww     
n.公共马车
参考例句:
  • She's getting off the stagecoach.她正在下马车。
  • The stagecoach driver cracked the whip.驿站马车的车夫抽响了鞭子。
13 hip 1dOxX     
n.臀部,髋;屋脊
参考例句:
  • The thigh bone is connected to the hip bone.股骨连着髋骨。
  • The new coats blouse gracefully above the hip line.新外套在臀围线上优美地打着褶皱。
14 pejorative zLMxY     
adj.贬低的,轻蔑的
参考例句:
  • In the context of ethnic tourism,commercialization often has a pejorative connotation.摘要在民族旅游语境中,商品化经常带有贬义色彩。
  • But news organizations also should make every effort to keep the discussion civil and to discourage the dissemination of falsehoods or pejorat
15 rustled f68661cf4ba60e94dc1960741a892551     
v.发出沙沙的声音( rustle的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • He rustled his papers. 他把试卷弄得沙沙地响。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Leaves rustled gently in the breeze. 树叶迎着微风沙沙作响。 来自《简明英汉词典》
16 synonym GHVzT     
n.同义词,换喻词
参考例句:
  • Zhuge Liang is a synonym for wisdom in folklore.诸葛亮在民间传说中成了智慧的代名词。
  • The term 'industrial democracy' is often used as a synonym for worker participation. “工业民主”这个词常被用作“工人参与”的同义词。
17 outlaw 1J0xG     
n.歹徒,亡命之徒;vt.宣布…为不合法
参考例句:
  • The outlaw hid out in the hills for several months.逃犯在山里隐藏了几个月。
  • The outlaw has been caught.歹徒已被抓住了。
18 outlaws 7eb8a8faa85063e1e8425968c2a222fe     
歹徒,亡命之徒( outlaw的名词复数 ); 逃犯
参考例句:
  • During his year in the forest, Robin met many other outlaws. 在森林里的一年,罗宾遇见其他许多绿林大盗。
  • I didn't have to leave the country or fight outlaws. 我不必离开自己的国家,也不必与不法分子斗争。
19 ranch dAUzk     
n.大牧场,大农场
参考例句:
  • He went to work on a ranch.他去一个大农场干活。
  • The ranch is in the middle of a large plateau.该牧场位于一个辽阔高原的中部。
20 confrontational confrontational     
adj.挑衅的;对抗的
参考例句:
  • Fans love rappers partly because they strike such a confrontational pose. 乐迷热爱这些饶舌艺人一定程度上是因为他们所采取的那种战斗姿态。 来自互联网
  • You prefer a non confrontational approach when it comes to resolving disputes. 面对争端,你不喜欢采用对抗性的手段来解决。 来自互联网
21 mules be18bf53ebe6a97854771cdc8bfe67e6     
骡( mule的名词复数 ); 拖鞋; 顽固的人; 越境运毒者
参考例句:
  • The cart was pulled by two mules. 两匹骡子拉这辆大车。
  • She wore tight trousers and high-heeled mules. 她穿紧身裤和拖鞋式高跟鞋。
22 intervention e5sxZ     
n.介入,干涉,干预
参考例句:
  • The government's intervention in this dispute will not help.政府对这场争论的干预不会起作用。
  • Many people felt he would be hostile to the idea of foreign intervention.许多人觉得他会反对外来干预。
23 acting czRzoc     
n.演戏,行为,假装;adj.代理的,临时的,演出用的
参考例句:
  • Ignore her,she's just acting.别理她,她只是假装的。
  • During the seventies,her acting career was in eclipse.在七十年代,她的表演生涯黯然失色。
24 disarm 0uax2     
v.解除武装,回复平常的编制,缓和
参考例句:
  • The world has waited 12 years for Iraq to disarm. 全世界等待伊拉克解除武装已有12年之久。
  • He has rejected every peaceful opportunity offered to him to disarm.他已经拒绝了所有能和平缴械的机会。
25 intentionally 7qOzFn     
ad.故意地,有意地
参考例句:
  • I didn't say it intentionally. 我是无心说的。
  • The local authority ruled that he had made himself intentionally homeless and was therefore not entitled to be rehoused. 当地政府裁定他是有意居无定所,因此没有资格再获得提供住房。
26 rivalry tXExd     
n.竞争,竞赛,对抗
参考例句:
  • The quarrel originated in rivalry between the two families.这次争吵是两家不和引起的。
  • He had a lot of rivalry with his brothers and sisters.他和兄弟姐妹间经常较劲。
27 brewing eaabd83324a59add9a6769131bdf81b5     
n. 酿造, 一次酿造的量 动词brew的现在分词形式
参考例句:
  • It was obvious that a big storm was brewing up. 很显然,一场暴风雨正在酝酿中。
  • She set about brewing some herb tea. 她动手泡一些药茶。
28 custody Qntzd     
n.监护,照看,羁押,拘留
参考例句:
  • He spent a week in custody on remand awaiting sentence.等候判决期间他被还押候审一个星期。
  • He was taken into custody immediately after the robbery.抢劫案发生后,他立即被押了起来。
29 prospects fkVzpY     
n.希望,前途(恒为复数)
参考例句:
  • There is a mood of pessimism in the company about future job prospects. 公司中有一种对工作前景悲观的情绪。
  • They are less sanguine about the company's long-term prospects. 他们对公司的远景不那么乐观。
30 wagon XhUwP     
n.四轮马车,手推车,面包车;无盖运货列车
参考例句:
  • We have to fork the hay into the wagon.我们得把干草用叉子挑进马车里去。
  • The muddy road bemired the wagon.马车陷入了泥泞的道路。
31 degenerated 41e5137359bcc159984e1d58f1f76d16     
衰退,堕落,退化( degenerate的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • The march degenerated into a riot. 示威游行变成了暴动。
  • The wide paved road degenerated into a narrow bumpy track. 铺好的宽阔道路渐渐变窄,成了一条崎岖不平的小径。
32 taunts 479d1f381c532d68e660e720738c03e2     
嘲弄的言语,嘲笑,奚落( taunt的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • He had to endure the racist taunts of the crowd. 他不得不忍受那群人种族歧视的奚落。
  • He had to endure the taunts of his successful rival. 他不得不忍受成功了的对手的讥笑。
33 poker ilozCG     
n.扑克;vt.烙制
参考例句:
  • He was cleared out in the poker game.他打扑克牌,把钱都输光了。
  • I'm old enough to play poker and do something with it.我打扑克是老手了,可以玩些花样。
34 ordinance Svty0     
n.法令;条令;条例
参考例句:
  • The Ordinance of 1785 provided the first land grants for educational purposes.1785年法案为教育目的提供了第一批土地。
  • The city passed an ordinance compelling all outdoor lighting to be switched off at 9.00 PM.该市通过一条法令强令晚上九点关闭一切室外照明。
35 whacked je8z8E     
a.精疲力尽的
参考例句:
  • She whacked him with her handbag. 她用手提包狠狠地打他。
  • He whacked me on the back and I held both his arms. 他用力拍拍我的背,我抱住他的双臂。
36 disarmed f147d778a788fe8e4bf22a9bdb60a8ba     
v.裁军( disarm的过去式和过去分词 );使息怒
参考例句:
  • Most of the rebels were captured and disarmed. 大部分叛乱分子被俘获并解除了武装。
  • The swordsman disarmed his opponent and ran him through. 剑客缴了对手的械,并对其乱刺一气。 来自《简明英汉词典》
37 adversaries 5e3df56a80cf841a3387bd9fd1360a22     
n.对手,敌手( adversary的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • That would cause potential adversaries to recoil from a challenge. 这会迫使潜在的敌人在挑战面前退缩。 来自辞典例句
  • Every adversaries are more comfortable with a predictable, coherent America. 就连敌人也会因有可以预料的,始终一致的美国而感到舒服得多。 来自辞典例句
38 contradictory VpazV     
adj.反驳的,反对的,抗辩的;n.正反对,矛盾对立
参考例句:
  • The argument is internally contradictory.论据本身自相矛盾。
  • What he said was self-contradictory.他讲话前后不符。
39 prosecution uBWyL     
n.起诉,告发,检举,执行,经营
参考例句:
  • The Smiths brought a prosecution against the organizers.史密斯家对组织者们提出起诉。
  • He attempts to rebut the assertion made by the prosecution witness.他试图反驳原告方证人所作的断言。
40 aborted dfb7069bfc6e0064a6c667626eca07b4     
adj.流产的,失败的v.(使)流产( abort的过去式和过去分词 );(使)(某事物)中止;(因故障等而)(使)(飞机、宇宙飞船、导弹等)中断飞行;(使)(飞行任务等)中途失败
参考例句:
  • The rocket flight had to be aborted because of difficulties with computer. 因电脑出故障,这次火箭飞行只好中辍。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • They aborted the space flight finally. 他们最后中止了这次宇航飞行。 来自《简明英汉词典》
41 crimson AYwzH     
n./adj.深(绯)红色(的);vi.脸变绯红色
参考例句:
  • She went crimson with embarrassment.她羞得满脸通红。
  • Maple leaves have turned crimson.枫叶已经红了。
42 disarming Muizaq     
adj.消除敌意的,使人消气的v.裁军( disarm的现在分词 );使息怒
参考例句:
  • He flashed her a disarming smile. 他朝她笑了一下,让她消消气。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • We will agree to disarming troops and leaving their weapons at military positions. 我们将同意解除军队的武装并把武器留在军事阵地。 来自辞典例句
43 slain slain     
杀死,宰杀,杀戮( slay的过去分词 ); (slay的过去分词)
参考例句:
  • The soldiers slain in the battle were burried that night. 在那天夜晚埋葬了在战斗中牺牲了的战士。
  • His boy was dead, slain by the hand of the false Amulius. 他的儿子被奸诈的阿缪利乌斯杀死了。
44 feud UgMzr     
n.长期不和;世仇;v.长期争斗;世代结仇
参考例句:
  • How did he start his feud with his neighbor?他是怎样和邻居开始争吵起来的?
  • The two tribes were long at feud with each other.这两个部族长期不和。
45 feuding eafa661dffa44863a7478178ec28b5c1     
vi.长期不和(feud的现在分词形式)
参考例句:
  • Riccardo and Cafiero had been feuding so openly that the whole town knew about it. 里卡多和卡菲埃罗一直公开地闹别扭,全城的人都知道此事。 来自辞典例句
  • The two families have been feuding with each other for many generations. 这两个家族有好多代的世仇了。 来自互联网
46 condemning 3c571b073a8d53beeff1e31a57d104c0     
v.(通常因道义上的原因而)谴责( condemn的现在分词 );宣判;宣布…不能使用;迫使…陷于不幸的境地
参考例句:
  • The government issued a statement condemning the killings. 政府发表声明谴责这些凶杀事件。
  • I concur with the speaker in condemning what has been done. 我同意发言者对所做的事加以谴责。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
47 exonerating a95dd5c7ac10ac88386363a8d0df3a2a     
v.使免罪,免除( exonerate的现在分词 )
参考例句:
48 limbo Z06xz     
n.地狱的边缘;监狱
参考例句:
  • His life seemed stuck in limbo and he could not go forward and he could not go back.他的生活好像陷入了不知所措的境地,进退两难。
  • I didn't know whether my family was alive or dead.I felt as if I was in limbo.我不知道家人是生是死,感觉自己茫然无措。
49 inflicted cd6137b3bb7ad543500a72a112c6680f     
把…强加给,使承受,遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • They inflicted a humiliating defeat on the home team. 他们使主队吃了一场很没面子的败仗。
  • Zoya heroically bore the torture that the Fascists inflicted upon her. 卓娅英勇地承受法西斯匪徒加在她身上的酷刑。
50 prominence a0Mzw     
n.突出;显著;杰出;重要
参考例句:
  • He came to prominence during the World Cup in Italy.他在意大利的世界杯赛中声名鹊起。
  • This young fashion designer is rising to prominence.这位年轻的时装设计师的声望越来越高。
51 scapegoat 2DpyL     
n.替罪的羔羊,替人顶罪者;v.使…成为替罪羊
参考例句:
  • He has been made a scapegoat for the company's failures.他成了公司倒闭的替罪羊。
  • They ask me to join the party so that I'll be their scapegoat when trouble comes.他们想叫我入伙,出了乱子,好让我替他们垫背。
52 massacre i71zk     
n.残杀,大屠杀;v.残杀,集体屠杀
参考例句:
  • There was a terrible massacre of villagers here during the war.在战争中,这里的村民惨遭屠杀。
  • If we forget the massacre,the massacre will happen again!忘记了大屠杀,大屠杀就有可能再次发生!
53 slaughter 8Tpz1     
n.屠杀,屠宰;vt.屠杀,宰杀
参考例句:
  • I couldn't stand to watch them slaughter the cattle.我不忍看他们宰牛。
  • Wholesale slaughter was carried out in the name of progress.大规模的屠杀在维护进步的名义下进行。
54 wagons ff97c19d76ea81bb4f2a97f2ff0025e7     
n.四轮的运货马车( wagon的名词复数 );铁路货车;小手推车
参考例句:
  • The wagons were hauled by horses. 那些货车是马拉的。
  • They drew their wagons into a laager and set up camp. 他们把马车围成一圈扎起营地。
55 defendants 7d469c27ef878c3ccf7daf5b6ab392dc     
被告( defendant的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • The courts heard that the six defendants had been coerced into making a confession. 法官审判时发现6位被告人曾被迫承认罪行。
  • As in courts, the defendants are represented by legal counsel. 与法院相同,被告有辩护律师作为代表。 来自英汉非文学 - 政府文件
56 inevitability c7Pxd     
n.必然性
参考例句:
  • Evolutionism is normally associated with a belief in the inevitability of progress. 进化主义通常和一种相信进步不可避免的看法相联系。
  • It is the tide of the times, an inevitability of history. 这是时代的潮流,历史的必然。
57 prosecutor 6RXx1     
n.起诉人;检察官,公诉人
参考例句:
  • The defender argued down the prosecutor at the court.辩护人在法庭上驳倒了起诉人。
  • The prosecutor would tear your testimony to pieces.检查官会把你的证言驳得体无完肤。
58 prosecutors a638e6811c029cb82f180298861e21e9     
检举人( prosecutor的名词复数 ); 告发人; 起诉人; 公诉人
参考例句:
  • In some places,public prosecutors are elected rather than appointed. 在有些地方,检察官是经选举而非任命产生的。 来自口语例句
  • You've been summoned to the Prosecutors' Office, 2 days later. 你在两天以后被宣到了检察官的办公室。
59 defense AxbxB     
n.防御,保卫;[pl.]防务工事;辩护,答辩
参考例句:
  • The accused has the right to defense.被告人有权获得辩护。
  • The war has impacted the area with military and defense workers.战争使那个地区挤满了军队和防御工程人员。
60 random HT9xd     
adj.随机的;任意的;n.偶然的(或随便的)行动
参考例句:
  • The list is arranged in a random order.名单排列不分先后。
  • On random inspection the meat was found to be bad.经抽查,发现肉变质了。
61 lasting IpCz02     
adj.永久的,永恒的;vbl.持续,维持
参考例句:
  • The lasting war debased the value of the dollar.持久的战争使美元贬值。
  • We hope for a lasting settlement of all these troubles.我们希望这些纠纷能获得永久的解决。
62 credentials credentials     
n.证明,资格,证明书,证件
参考例句:
  • He has long credentials of diplomatic service.他的外交工作资历很深。
  • Both candidates for the job have excellent credentials.此项工作的两个求职者都非常符合资格。
63 Congressman TvMzt7     
n.(美)国会议员
参考例句:
  • He related several anecdotes about his first years as a congressman.他讲述自己初任议员那几年的几则轶事。
  • The congressman is meditating a reply to his critics.这位国会议员正在考虑给他的批评者一个答复。
64 indicted 4fe8f0223a4e14ee670547b1a8076e20     
控告,起诉( indict的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • The senator was indicted for murder. 那位参议员被控犯谋杀罪。
  • He was indicted by a grand jury on two counts of murder. 他被大陪审团以两项谋杀罪名起诉。
65 larceny l9pzc     
n.盗窃(罪)
参考例句:
  • The man was put in jail for grand larceny.人因重大盗窃案而被监禁。
  • It was an essential of the common law crime of larceny.它是构成普通法中的盗窃罪的必要条件。
66 alias LKMyX     
n.化名;别名;adv.又名
参考例句:
  • His real name was Johnson,but he often went by the alias of Smith.他的真名是约翰逊,但是他常常用化名史密斯。
  • You can replace this automatically generated alias with a more meaningful one.可用更有意义的名称替换这一自动生成的别名。
67 severely SiCzmk     
adv.严格地;严厉地;非常恶劣地
参考例句:
  • He was severely criticized and removed from his post.他受到了严厉的批评并且被撤了职。
  • He is severely put down for his careless work.他因工作上的粗心大意而受到了严厉的批评。
68 bias 0QByQ     
n.偏见,偏心,偏袒;vt.使有偏见
参考例句:
  • They are accusing the teacher of political bias in his marking.他们在指控那名教师打分数有政治偏见。
  • He had a bias toward the plan.他对这项计划有偏见。
69 perfectly 8Mzxb     
adv.完美地,无可非议地,彻底地
参考例句:
  • The witnesses were each perfectly certain of what they said.证人们个个对自己所说的话十分肯定。
  • Everything that we're doing is all perfectly above board.我们做的每件事情都是光明正大的。
70 standing 2hCzgo     
n.持续,地位;adj.永久的,不动的,直立的,不流动的
参考例句:
  • After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
  • They're standing out against any change in the law.他们坚决反对对法律做任何修改。
71 revoked 80b785d265b6419ab99251d8f4340a1d     
adj.[法]取消的v.撤销,取消,废除( revoke的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • It may be revoked if the check is later dishonoured. 以后如支票被拒绝支付,结算可以撤销。 来自辞典例句
  • A will is revoked expressly. 遗嘱可以通过明示推翻。 来自辞典例句
72 bail Aupz4     
v.舀(水),保释;n.保证金,保释,保释人
参考例句:
  • One of the prisoner's friends offered to bail him out.犯人的一个朋友答应保释他出来。
  • She has been granted conditional bail.她被准予有条件保释。
73 narrative CFmxS     
n.叙述,故事;adj.叙事的,故事体的
参考例句:
  • He was a writer of great narrative power.他是一位颇有记述能力的作家。
  • Neither author was very strong on narrative.两个作者都不是很善于讲故事。
74 retrieve ZsYyp     
vt.重新得到,收回;挽回,补救;检索
参考例句:
  • He was determined to retrieve his honor.他决心恢复名誉。
  • The men were trying to retrieve weapons left when the army abandoned the island.士兵们正试图找回军队从该岛撤退时留下的武器。
75 fully Gfuzd     
adv.完全地,全部地,彻底地;充分地
参考例句:
  • The doctor asked me to breathe in,then to breathe out fully.医生让我先吸气,然后全部呼出。
  • They soon became fully integrated into the local community.他们很快就完全融入了当地人的圈子。
76 accusation GJpyf     
n.控告,指责,谴责
参考例句:
  • I was furious at his making such an accusation.我对他的这种责备非常气愤。
  • She knew that no one would believe her accusation.她知道没人会相信她的指控。
77 portrayed a75f5b1487928c9f7f165b2773c13036     
v.画像( portray的过去式和过去分词 );描述;描绘;描画
参考例句:
  • Throughout the trial, he portrayed himself as the victim. 在审讯过程中,他始终把自己说成是受害者。
  • The author portrayed his father as a vicious drunkard. 作者把他父亲描绘成一个可恶的酒鬼。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
78 belly QyKzLi     
n.肚子,腹部;(像肚子一样)鼓起的部分,膛
参考例句:
  • The boss has a large belly.老板大腹便便。
  • His eyes are bigger than his belly.他眼馋肚饱。
79 precisely zlWzUb     
adv.恰好,正好,精确地,细致地
参考例句:
  • It's precisely that sort of slick sales-talk that I mistrust.我不相信的正是那种油腔滑调的推销宣传。
  • The man adjusted very precisely.那个人调得很准。
80 cosmopolitan BzRxj     
adj.世界性的,全世界的,四海为家的,全球的
参考例句:
  • New York is a highly cosmopolitan city.纽约是一个高度世界性的城市。
  • She has a very cosmopolitan outlook on life.她有四海一家的人生观。
81 futile vfTz2     
adj.无效的,无用的,无希望的
参考例句:
  • They were killed,to the last man,in a futile attack.因为进攻失败,他们全部被杀,无一幸免。
  • Their efforts to revive him were futile.他们对他抢救无效。
82 irate na2zo     
adj.发怒的,生气
参考例句:
  • The irate animal made for us,coming at a full jump.那头发怒的动物以最快的速度向我们冲过来。
  • We have received some irate phone calls from customers.我们接到顾客打来的一些愤怒的电话
83 determined duszmP     
adj.坚定的;有决心的
参考例句:
  • I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
  • He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。
84 alluded 69f7a8b0f2e374aaf5d0965af46948e7     
提及,暗指( allude的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • In your remarks you alluded to a certain sinister design. 在你的谈话中,你提到了某个阴谋。
  • She also alluded to her rival's past marital troubles. 她还影射了对手过去的婚姻问题。
85 eroding c892257232bdd413a7900bdce96d217e     
侵蚀,腐蚀( erode的现在分词 ); 逐渐毁坏,削弱,损害
参考例句:
  • The coast is slowly eroding. 海岸正慢慢地被侵蚀。
  • Another new development is eroding the age-old stereotype of the male warrior. 另一个新现象是,久已形成的男人皆武士的形象正逐渐消失。
86 protruding e7480908ef1e5355b3418870e3d0812f     
v.(使某物)伸出,(使某物)突出( protrude的现在分词 );凸
参考例句:
  • He hung his coat on a nail protruding from the wall. 他把上衣挂在凸出墙面的一根钉子上。
  • There is a protruding shelf over a fireplace. 壁炉上方有个突出的架子。 来自辞典例句
87 censurable 9b0dc6f7b5371a8de2b664611602d8a5     
adj.可非难的,该责备的
参考例句:
88 offense HIvxd     
n.犯规,违法行为;冒犯,得罪
参考例句:
  • I hope you will not take any offense at my words. 对我讲的话请别见怪。
  • His words gave great offense to everybody present.他的发言冲犯了在场的所有人。
89 heed ldQzi     
v.注意,留意;n.注意,留心
参考例句:
  • You must take heed of what he has told.你要注意他所告诉的事。
  • For the first time he had to pay heed to his appearance.这是他第一次非得注意自己的外表不可了。
90 monstrous vwFyM     
adj.巨大的;恐怖的;可耻的,丢脸的
参考例句:
  • The smoke began to whirl and grew into a monstrous column.浓烟开始盘旋上升,形成了一个巨大的烟柱。
  • Your behaviour in class is monstrous!你在课堂上的行为真是丢人!
91 contemplating bde65bd99b6b8a706c0f139c0720db21     
深思,细想,仔细考虑( contemplate的现在分词 ); 注视,凝视; 考虑接受(发生某事的可能性); 深思熟虑,沉思,苦思冥想
参考例句:
  • You're too young to be contemplating retirement. 你考虑退休还太年轻。
  • She stood contemplating the painting. 她站在那儿凝视那幅图画。
92 tragic inaw2     
adj.悲剧的,悲剧性的,悲惨的
参考例句:
  • The effect of the pollution on the beaches is absolutely tragic.污染海滩后果可悲。
  • Charles was a man doomed to tragic issues.查理是个注定不得善终的人。
93 justified 7pSzrk     
a.正当的,有理的
参考例句:
  • She felt fully justified in asking for her money back. 她认为有充分的理由要求退款。
  • The prisoner has certainly justified his claims by his actions. 那个囚犯确实已用自己的行动表明他的要求是正当的。
94 contemptible DpRzO     
adj.可鄙的,可轻视的,卑劣的
参考例句:
  • His personal presence is unimpressive and his speech contemptible.他气貌不扬,言语粗俗。
  • That was a contemptible trick to play on a friend.那是对朋友玩弄的一出可鄙的把戏。
95 faction l7ny7     
n.宗派,小集团;派别;派系斗争
参考例句:
  • Faction and self-interest appear to be the norm.派系之争和自私自利看来非常普遍。
  • I now understood clearly that I was caught between the king and the Bunam's faction.我现在完全明白自己已陷入困境,在国王与布纳姆集团之间左右为难。
96 assassinate tvjzL     
vt.暗杀,行刺,中伤
参考例句:
  • The police exposed a criminal plot to assassinate the president.警方侦破了一个行刺总统的阴谋。
  • A plot to assassinate the banker has been uncovered by the police.暗杀银行家的密谋被警方侦破了。
97 ambushed d4df1f5c72f934ee4bc7a6c77b5887ec     
v.埋伏( ambush的过去式和过去分词 );埋伏着
参考例句:
  • The general ambushed his troops in the dense woods. 将军把部队埋伏在浓密的树林里。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The military vehicles were ambushed. 军车遭到伏击。 来自《简明英汉词典》
98 abdomen MfXym     
n.腹,下腹(胸部到腿部的部分)
参考例句:
  • How to know to there is ascarid inside abdomen?怎样知道肚子里面有蛔虫?
  • He was anxious about an off-and-on pain the abdomen.他因时隐时现的腹痛而焦虑。
99 spinal KFczS     
adj.针的,尖刺的,尖刺状突起的;adj.脊骨的,脊髓的
参考例句:
  • After three days in Japan,the spinal column becomes extraordinarily flexible.在日本三天,就已经使脊椎骨变得富有弹性了。
  • Your spinal column is made up of 24 movable vertebrae.你的脊柱由24个活动的脊椎骨构成。
100 vendetta IL5zx     
n.世仇,宿怨
参考例句:
  • For years he pursued a vendetta against the Morris family.多年来他一直在寻求向莫里斯家族报世仇。
  • She conducted a personal vendetta against me.她对我有宿仇。
101 slaying 4ce8e7b4134fbeb566658660b6a9b0a9     
杀戮。
参考例句:
  • The man mimed the slaying of an enemy. 此人比手划脚地表演砍死一个敌人的情况。
  • He is suspected of having been an accomplice in the slaying,butthey can't pin it on him. 他有嫌疑曾参与该杀人案,但他们找不到证据来指控他。
102 refereed 673df248690e0f3ab3b8a3dc8cbd06df     
vi.担任裁判(referee的过去式与过去分词形式)
参考例句:
  • Your focus should be on getting papers published in refereed journals. 首要的就是发表文章,而且是在匿名审稿的杂志上。 来自互联网
  • It was a national judge who refereed the game. 执法这场比赛的是国家裁判。 来自互联网
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