中华人民共和国著作权法 COPYRIGHT LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBL
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主席令第三十一号
(Adopted at the 15th Meeting of the Standing1 Committee of the Seventh National People's Congress on September 7, 1990, promulgated2 by Order No. 31 of the President of the People's Republic of China on September 7, 1990, and effective as of June 1, 1991)

时效性:已被修正  颁布日期:19900907  实施日期:19910601  失效日期:20011027  颁布单位:全国人大常委会

  Contents

  Chapter I General Provisions

  Chapter II Copyright

  Section 1 Copyright Owners and Their Rights

  Section 2 Ownership of Copyright

  Section 3 Term of Protection of Rights

  Section 4 Limitations on Rights

  Chapter III Copyright Licensing3 Contracts

  Chapter IV Publication, Performance, Sound Recording4, Video Recording and Broadcasting

  Section 1 Publication of Books, Newspapers and Periodicals

  Section 2 Performance

  Section 3 Sound Recording and Video Recording

  Section 4 Broadcasting by Radio Station or Television

  Station

  Chapter V Legal Liability

  Chapter VI Supplementary5 Provisions

  Chapter I General Provisions

  Article 1 This Law is enacted6, in accordance with the Constitution for the purposes of protecting the copyright of authors in their literary, artistic7 and scientific works and rights and interests related to copyright, of encouraging the creation and dissemination8 of works which would contribute to the building of an advanced socialist9 culture and ideology10 and to socialist material development, and of promoting the development and flourishing of socialist culture and sciences.

  Article 2 Works of Chinese citizens, legal persons or entities11 without legal personality, whether published or not, shall enjoy copyright in accordance with this Law. Works of foreigners first published in the territory of the People's Republic of China shall enjoy copyright in accordance with this Law.

  Any work of a foreigner published outside the territory of the People's Republic of China which is eligible12 to enjoy copyright under an agreement concluded between the country to which the foreigner belongs and China, or under an international treaty to which both countries are parties, shall be protected in accordance with this Law.

  Article 3 For the purpose of this Law, the term “works” includes works of literature, art, natural science, social science, engineering technology and the like which are created in the following forms:

  (1) written works;

  (2) oral works;

  (3) musical, dramatic, quyi and choreographic works;

  (4) Works of fine art and photographic works;

  (5) cinema to graphic13, television and video-graphic works;

  (6) drawings of engineering designs and product designs, and descriptions thereof;

  (7) maps, sketches14 and other graphic works;

  (8) computer software;

  (9) other works as provided for in law and administrative15 rules and regulations.

  Article 4 Works the publication or distribution of which is prohibited by law shall not be protected by this law.

  Copyright owners, in exercising their copyright, shall not violate the Constitution or laws or prejudice the public interests.

  Article 5 This law shall not be applicable to:

  (1) laws; regulations; resolutions, decisions and orders of state organs; other documents of legislative16, administrative and judicial17 nature; and their official translations;

  (2) news on current affairs; and

  (3) calendars, numerical tables, forms of general use and formulas.

  Article 6 Measures for the protection of copyright in works of folk literature and art shall be established separately by the State Council.

  Article 7 Where any scientific or technological18 work is protected under the Patent Law, the Law on Technology Contracts or similar laws, the provisions of those laws shall apply.

  Article 8 The copyright administration department under the State Council shall be responsible for the nationwide administration of copyright. The copyright administration department under the people's government of each province, autonomous19 region and municipality directly under the Central Government shall be responsible for the administration of copyright in its respective administrative area.

  Chapter II Copyright

  Section 1 Copyright Owners and Their Rights

  Article 9 The term “copyright owners” shall include:

  (1) authors; and

  (2) other citizens, legal persons and entities without legal personality enjoying copyright in accordance with this Law.

  Article 10 The term “copyright” shall include the following personal rights and property rights:

  (1) the right of publication, that is, the right to decide whether to make a work available to the public;

  (2) the right of authorship, that is, the right to claim authorship and to have the author's name indicated on his works;

  (3) the right of alternation, that is, the right to alter or authorize20 others to alter one's work;

  (4) the right of integrity, that is, the right to protect one's work against distortion and mutilation;

  (5) the right of exploitation and the right to remuneration, that is, the right of exploiting one's work by means of reproduction, performance, broadcasting, exhibition distribution, making cinematographic, television or video production, adaptation, translation, annotation21compilation22 and the like, and the right of authorizing23 others to exploit one's work by the above-mentioned means, and of receiving remuneration therefor.

  Section 2 Ownership of Copyright

  Article 11 Except where otherwise provided in this Law, the copyright in a work shall belong to its author.

  The author of a work is the citizen who has created the work.

  Where a work is created according to the will and under the sponsorship and the responsibility of a legal or entity24 without legal personality, such legal person or entity without legal personality shall be deemed to be the author of the work. The citizen, legal person or entity without legal personality whose name is indicated on a work shall, in the absence of proof to the contrary, be deemed to be the author of the work

  Article 12 Where a work is created by adaptation, translation, annotation or arrangement of a pre-existing work, the copyright in the work thus created shall be enjoyed by the adapt or, translator or arranger, provided that the exercise of such copyright shall not prejudice the copyright in the original work.

  Article 13 Where a work is created jointly26 by two or more co-authors, the copyright in the work shall be enjoyed jointly by those co-authors. Any person who has not participated in the creation of the work may not claim the co- authorship.

  If a work of joint25 authorship can be separated into independent parts and exploited separately, each co-author may be entitled to independent copyright in the parts that he has created, provided that the exercise of such copyright shall not prejudice the copyright in the joint work as a whole.

  Article 14 The copyright in a work created by compilation shall be enjoyed by the compiler, provided that the exercise of such copyright shall not prejudice the copyright in the preexisting works included in the compilation.

  The authors of such works included in a compilation as can be exploited separately shall be entitled to exercise their copyright in their works independently.

  Article 15 The director, screenwriter, lyricist, composer, cameraman and other authors of a cinematographic, television or video-graphic work shall enjoy the right of authorship in the work, while the other rights included in the copyright shall be enjoyed by the producer of the work.

  The authors of screenplay, musical works and other works that are included in a cinematographic, television or video-graphic work and can be exploited separately shall be entitled to exercise their copyright independently.

  Article 16 A work created by a citizen in the fulfillment of tasks assigned to him by a legal person or entity without legal personality shall be deemed to be a work created in the course of employment. The copyright in such a work shall, subject to the provisions of the second paragraph of this Article, be enjoyed by the author, provided that the legal person or entity without legal personality shall have a right of priority to exploit the work within the scope of its professional activities. During the two years after the completion of the work, the author may not, without the consent of the legal person or entity without legal personality, authorize a third party to exploit the work into the same way as the legal person or entity without legal personality does. The author of a work created in the course of employment in one of the following circumstances shall enjoy the right of authorship, while the legal person or entity without legal personality shall enjoy the other rights included in the copyright and may Reward the author:

  (1) drawings of engineering designs and product designs and descriptions thereof; computer software; maps and other works created in the course of employment mainly with the material and technical resources of the legal person or entity without legal personality and under its responsibility;

  (2) works created in the course of employment where the copyright is, in accordance with laws, administrative rules and regulations or contracts concerned, enjoyed by the legal person or entity without legal personality.

  Article 17 The ownership of copyright in a commissioned work shall be agreed upon in a contract between the commissioning and the commissioned parties. In the absence of a contract or of an explicit27 agreement in the contract, the copyright in such a work shall belong to the commissioned party.

  Article 18 The transfer of ownership of the original copy of a work of fine art, or other works, shall not be deemed to include the transfer of the copyright in such work, provided that the right to exhibit the original copy of a work of fine art shall be enjoyed by the owner of such original copy.

  Article 19 Where the copyright in a work belongs to a citizen, the right of exploitation and the right to remuneration in respect of the work shall, after his death, during the term of protection provided for in this Law, be transferred in accordance with the provisions of the Law of Succession. Where the copyright in a work belongs to a legal person or entity without legal personality, the right of exploitation and the right to remuneration shall, after the change or the termination of the legal person or entity without legal personality, during the term of protection provided for in this Law, be enjoyed by the succeeding legal person or entity without legal personality which has taken over the former's rights and obligations, or, in the absence of such a successor entity, by the state.

  Section 3 Term of Protection of Rights

  Article 20 The term of protection of the rights of authorship, alteration28, and integrity of an author shall be unlimited29.

  Article 21 The term of protection of the right of publication, the right of exploitation and the right to remuneration in respect of a work of a citizen shall be the life time of the author and fifty years after his death, expiring on December 31 of the fiftieth year after his death. In the case of a work of joint authorship, such term shall expire on December 31 of the fiftieth year after the death of the last surviving author. The term of protection of the right of publication, the right of exploitation and the right to remuneration in respect of a work where the copyright belongs to a legal person or entity without legal personality, or in respect of a work created in the course of employment where the legal person or entity without legal personality enjoys the copyright (except the right of authorship), shall be fifty years, expiring on December 31 of the fiftieth year after the first publication of such work, provided that any such work that has not been published within fifty years after the completion of its creation shall no longer be protected under this Law.

  The term of protection of the right of publication, the right of exploitation and the right to remuneration in respect of a cinematographic, television, video-graphic or photographic work shall be fifty years, expiring on December 31 of the fiftieth year after the first publication of such work, provided that any such work that has not been published within fifty years after the completion of its creation shall no longer be protected under this Law.

  Section 4 Limitations on Rights

  Article 22 In the following cases, a work may be used without permission from, and without payment of remuneration to, the copyright owner, provided that the name of the author and the title of the work shall be indicated and the other rights enjoyed by the copyright owner by virtue30 of this Law shall not be prejudiced:

  (1) use of a published work of others for the user's own private study, research or self entertainment;

  (2) appropriate quotation31 from a published work of others in one's work for the purposes of introduction to, or comment on, a work, or demonstration32 of a point;

  (3) use of a published work in newspapers, periodicals, radio programmes, television programmes or newsreels for the purpose of reporting current affairs;

  (4) reprinting by newspapers or periodicals, or rebroadcasting by radio stations or television stations, of editorials or commentator's articles published by other newspapers, periodicals, radio stations or television stations;

  (5) publication in newspapers or periodicals, or broadcasting by radio stations or television stations, of a speech delivered at a public gathering33, except where the author has declared that the publication or broadcasting is not permitted;

  (6) translation or reproduction in a small quantity of copies, of a published work for use by teachers or scientific researchers, in classroom teaching or scientific research, provided that the translation or reproduction shall not be published or distributed;

  (7) use of a published work by a state organ for the purpose of performing its official duties;

  (8) reproduction of a work in its collections by a library, an archives center, a memorial hall, a museum, an art gallery or a similar institution, for the purposes of display, or preservation34 of a copy, of the work;

  (9) free performance of a published work;

  (10) copying, drawing, photographing, or video recording of an artistic work located or on display in an outdoor public place;

  (11) translation of a published work from the language of the Han nationality into minority nationality languages for publication and distribution in the country;

  (12) transliteration of a published work into Braille and publication of the work so transliterated.

  The above limitations on rights shall be applicable also to the rights of publishers, performers, producers of sound recordings35 and video recordings, radio stations and television stations.

  Chapter III Copyright Licensing Contracts

  Article 23 Anyone who exploits a work created by others shall, except where no permission is required in accordance with the provisions of this Law, conclude a contract with, or otherwise obtain permission from, the copyright owner.

  Article 24 A contract shall include the following basic clauses:

  (1) the manner of exploitation of the work covered by the license36

  (2) the exclusive or nonexclusive nature of the right to exploit the work covered by the license;

  (3) the scope and term of the license;

  (4) the amount of remuneration and the method of its payment;

  (5) the liability for breach37 of contract; and

  (6) any other matter which the contracting parties consider necessary.

  Article 25 Without permission from the copyright owner, the other party to the contract shall not exercise the right which the copyright owner has not explicitly38 licensed39 in the contract.

  Article 26 The term of validity of a contract shall not exceed ten years. The contract may be renewed on expiration40 of that term. Article 27 The tariffs41 of remuneration for the exploitation of works shall be established by the copyright administration department under the State Council jointly with other departments concerned.

  Where otherwise agreed to in a contract, remuneration may be paid in accordance with the terms of the said contract.

  Article 28 Publishers, performers, producers of sound recordings and video recordings, radio stations, television stations and other entities who or which have, pursuant to this Law, obtained the right of exploitation included in the copyright of others, shall not prejudice such authors' rights of authorship, alteration, integrity and their right to remuneration.

  Chapter IV Publication, Performance, Sound Recording, Video Recor- ding and Broadcasting

  Section 1 Publication of Books, Newspapers and Periodicals

  Article 29 A book publisher who publishes a book shall conclude a publishing contract with, and pay remuneration to, the copyright owner.

  Article 30 A book publisher shall, during the term of the contract, have an exclusive right to publish the work delivered to him for publication by the copyright owner. The term of the exclusive right to publish the work, enjoyed by the book publisher as specified42 in the contract, shall not exceed ten years. The contract may be renewed on expiration of that term. The exclusive right to publish a work enjoyed by the book publisher shall, during the term specified in the contract, be protected by law, and the work may not be published by others.

  Article 31 The copyright owner shall deliver the work to the publisher within the time limit specified in the contract. The book publisher shall publish the work according to the quality requirements and within the time limit specified in the contract. The book publisher shall bear the civil liability in accordance with the provisions of Article 47 of this Law if he fails to publish the work within the time limit specified in the contract.

  The book publisher shall notify, and pay remuneration to, the copyright owner when the work is to be reprinted or republished. If the book publisher refuses to reprint or republish the work when the stocks of the book are exhausted43, the copyright owner shall have the right to terminate the contract.

  Article 32 Where a copyright owner has submitted the manuscript of his work to a newspaper or a periodical publisher for publication and has not received any notification of the said publisher's decision to publish the work, within fifteen days from the newspaper publisher or within thirty days from the periodical publisher from the date of submission44 of the manuscript, the copyright owner may submit the manuscript of the same work to another newspaper or periodical publisher for publication unless the two parties have agreed otherwise.

  After a work is published in a newspaper or a periodical, other newspaper or periodical publisher may, except where the copyright owner has declared that reprinting or excerpting is not permitted, reprint the work or print an abstract of it or print it as reference material, but such other publishers shall pay remuneration to the copyright owner as prescribed in regulations.

  Article 33 A book publisher may alter or abridge45 a work with the permission of the copyright owner. A newspaper publisher or periodical publisher may make editorial modifications46 and abridgments in a work, but shall not make any modifications in the content of the work unless permission has been obtained from the author.

  Article 34 When publishing a work created by adaptation, translation, annotation, arrangement or compilation of a pre-existing work, the publisher shall pay remuneration both to the owner of the copyright in the work created by adaptation, translation, annotation, arrangement or compilation, and to the owner of the copyright in the original work.

  Section 2 Performance

  Article 35 A performer (an individual performer or a performing troupe47) who for a performance exploits an unpublished work created by others shall obtain permission from, and pay remuneration to, the copyright owner.

  A performer who for a commercial performance exploits a published work created by others does not need permission from, but shall, as prescribed by regulations, pay remuneration to the copyright owner; such work shall not be exploited where the copyright owner has declared that such exploitation is not permitted.

  A performer who for a commercial performance exploits a work created by adaptation, translation, annotation or arrangement of a pre-existing work shall pay remuneration both to the owner of the copyright in the work created by adaptation, translation, annotation or arrangement and to the owner of the copyright in the original work. Where a performer performs a work created by others for the purpose of producing a sound recording, video recording, radio programme or television programme, the provisions of Article 37 and 40 of this Law shall apply.

  Article 36 A performer shall, in relation to his performance, enjoy the right:

  (1) to claim performer ship;

  (2) to protect the image inherent in his performance from distortion;

  (3) to authorize others to make live broadcasts; and

  (4) to authorize others to make sound recordings and video recordings for commercial purposes, and to receive remuneration therefor.

  Section 3 Sound Recording and Video Recording

  Article 37 A producer of sound recordings who, for the production of a sound recording, exploits an unpublished work created by others shall obtain permission from, and pay remuneration to, the copyright owner. A producer of sound recordings who, for the production of a sound recording, exploits a published work created by others, does not need permission from, but shall, as prescribed by regulations, pay remuneration to, the copyright owner; such work shall not be exploited where the copyright owner has declared that such exploitation is not permitted. A producer of video recordings who, for the production of a video recording, exploits a work created by others shall obtain permission from, and pay remuneration to, the copyright owner.

  A producer of sound recordings or video recordings who exploits a work created by adaptation, translation, annotation or arrangement of a pre- existing work shall pay remuneration both to the owner of the copyright in the work created by adaptation, translation, annotation or arrangement, and to the owner of the copyright in the original work.

  Article 38 When producing a sound recording or video recording, the producer shall conclude a contract with, and pay remuneration to, the performer.

  Article 39 A producer of sound recordings or video recordings shall have the right to authorize others to reproduce and distribute his sound recordings or video recordings and the right to receive remuneration therefor. The term of protection of such rights shall be fifty years, expiring on December 31 of the fiftieth year after the first publication of the recordings. A producer of sound recordings or video recordings who is authorized48 to reproduce and distribute a sound recording or video recording created by others shall also pay remuneration to the copyright owner and to the performer as prescribed by regulations.

  Section 4 Broadcasting by Radio Station or Television Station

  Article 40 A radio station or television station which exploits, for the production of a radio or television programme, an unpublished work created by others, shall obtain permission from, and pay remuneration to, the copyright owner.

  A radio station or television station which exploits, for the production of a radio or television programme, a published work created by others does not need permission from the copyright owner, but such a work shall not be exploited where the copyright owner has declared that such exploitation is not permitted. In addition, remuneration shall be paid as prescribed by regulations unless this Law provides that no remuneration needs to be paid.

  A radio station or television station which exploits, for the production of a radio or television programme, a work created by adaptation, translation, annotation, or arrangement of a pre-existing work, shall pay remuneration both to the owner of the copyright in the work created by adaptation, translation, annotation or arrangement and to the owner of the copyright in the original work.

  Article 41 When producing a radio or television programme, the radio station or television station shall conclude a contract with, and pay remuneration to, the performer.

  Article 42 A radio station or television station shall, in respect of a programme produced by it, enjoy the right:

  (1) to broadcast the programme;

  (2) to authorize others to broadcast the programme, and to receive remuneration therefor; and

  (3) to authorize others to reproduce and distribute the radio or television programme, and to receive remuneration therefor.

  The term of protection of the rights specified in the preceding paragraph shall be fifty years, expiring on December 31 of the fiftieth year after the first broadcasting of the programme.

  A producer of sound recordings or video recordings who is authorized to reproduce and distribute a radio or television programme shall also pay remuneration to the copyright owner and the performer as prescribed by regulations.

  Article 43 A radio station or television station may broadcast, for noncommercial purposes, a published sound recording without seeking permission from, or paying remuneration to, the copyright owner, performer and producer of the sound recording.

  Article 44 A television station which broadcasts a cinematographic, television or video-graphic work produced by others shall obtain permission from, and pay remuneration to, the producer of the cinematographic, television or video-graphic work.

  Chapter V Legal Liability

  Article 45 Anyone who commits any of the following acts of infringement49 shall bear civil liability for such remedies as ceasing the infringing50 act, eliminating its ill effects, making a public apology or paying compensation or damages, etc., depending on the circumstances:

  (1) publishing a work without the permission of the copyright owner;

  (2) publishing a work of joint authorship as a work created solely51 by oneself without the permission of the other co-authors;

  (3) having one's name indicated on a work created by others, in order to seek personal fame and gain, where one has not participated in the creation of the work;

  (4) distorting or mutilating a work created by others;

  (5) exploiting a work by performance, broadcasting, exhibition, distribution, making cinematographic, television or video productions, adaptation, translation, annotation, and compilation, or by other means, without the permission of the copyright owner, unless otherwise provided in this Law;

  (6) exploiting a work created by others without paying remuneration as prescribed by regulations;

  (7) broadcasting a live performance without the permission of the performer; or

  (8) committing other acts of infringement of copyright and of other rights and interests related to copyright.

  Article 46 Anyone who commits any of the following acts of infringement shall bear civil liability for such remedies as ceasing the infringing act, eliminating its ill effects, making a public apology or paying compensation for damages, etc., depending on the circumstances, and may, in addition, be subjected by the copyright administration department to such administrative penalties as confiscation52 of unlawful income from the act, or imposition of a fine:

  (1) plagiarizing53 a work created by others;

  (2) reproducing and distributing a work, for commercial purposes, without the permission of the copyright owner;

  (3) publishing a book where the exclusive right of publication belongs to another publisher;

  (4) producing and publishing a sound recording or video recording of a performance without the permission of the performer;

  (5) reproducing and distributing a sound recording or video recording produced by others without the permission of its producer;

  (6) reproducing and distributing a radio programme or television programme without the permission of the radio station or television station which has produced that programme; or

  (7) producing or selling a work of fine art where the signature of the author is forged.

  Article 47 A party who fails to perform his contractual obligations, or performs them in a manner which is not in conformity54 with the agreed terms shall bear civil liability in accordance with the relevant provisions of the General Principles of the Civil Law.

  Article 48 A dispute over copyright infringement may be settled by mediation55. If mediation is unsuccessful, or if one of the parties retracts56 from his promise after a mediation agreement is reached, proceedings57 may be instituted in a people's court. Proceedings may also instituted directly in a people's court if the parties do not wish to settle the dispute by mediation.

  Article 49 A dispute over a copyright contract may be settled by mediation. It may also, in accordance with the arbitration58 clause of contract, or a written arbitration agreement concluded after the contract has been signed, be submitted to a copyright arbitration body for arbitration.

  The parties shall implement59 the arbitration award. If one of the parties fails to implement the award, the other party may apply to a people's court for execution. If the people's court which has been requested to execute an arbitration award finds that the arbitration award is contrary to law, it shall have the right to refuse the execution. Where the people's court refuses to execute an arbitration award, the parties may institute proceedings in a people's court for contractual dispute.

  Where no arbitration clause is stipulated60 in the contract and no written arbitration agreement is concluded after the contract has been signed, any party may institute proceedings directly in a people's court.

  Article 50 Any party who is not satisfied with an administrative penalty may institute proceedings in a people's court within three months from receipt of the written decision of the administrative penalty. If the party neither institutes proceedings nor executes the decision within the time limit, the copyright administration department may apply to a people's court for execution.

  Chapter VI Supplementary Provisions

  Article 51 For the purpose of this Law, the term “zhuzuoquan” (author's rights) is synonymous with the term “banquan” (copyright)。

  Article 52 The term “reproduction” as used in this Law means the act of producing one or more copies of a work by printing, photocopying61, copying, lithographing, making a sound recording or video recording, duplicating a recording, or duplicating a photographic work or by other means.

  The term “reproduction” as used in this Law does not cover the construction or manufacture of industrial products on the basis of drawings of engineering designs and product designs, and descriptions thereof.

  Article 53 Measures for the protection of computer software shall be established separately by the State Council.

  Article 54 The implementing62 regulations of this Law shall be drawn63 up by the copyright administration department under the State Council and shall enter into force after approval by the State Council.

  Article 55 The rights of copyright owners, publishers, performers, producers of sound recordings and video recordings, radio stations and television stations as provided for in this Law shall, if their term of protection as specified in this Law has not yet expired on the date of entry into force of this Law, be protected in accordance with this Law. Any act of infringement or breach of contract committed prior to the entry into force of this Law shall be dealt with in accordance with the relevant regulations or policies in force at the time when such act was committed.

  Article 56 This Law shall enter into force as of June 1, 1991.

  Note:

  [*1] This English version is the preliminary English translation provided by the Legislative Affairs Commission of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China. It shall be republished after being further revised and finalized64 by the Legislative Affairs Commission of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China. - The Editor



点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 standing 2hCzgo     
n.持续,地位;adj.永久的,不动的,直立的,不流动的
参考例句:
  • After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
  • They're standing out against any change in the law.他们坚决反对对法律做任何修改。
2 promulgated a4e9ce715ee72e022795b8072a6e618f     
v.宣扬(某事物)( promulgate的过去式和过去分词 );传播;公布;颁布(法令、新法律等)
参考例句:
  • Hence China has promulgated more than 30 relevant laws, statutes and regulations. 中国为此颁布的法律、法规和规章多达30余项。 来自汉英非文学 - 白皮书
  • The shipping industry promulgated a voluntary code. 航运业对自律守则进行了宣传。 来自辞典例句
3 licensing 7352ce0b4e0665659ae6466c18decb2a     
v.批准,许可,颁发执照( license的现在分词 )
参考例句:
  • A large part of state regulation consists of occupational licensing. 大部分州的管理涉及行业的特许批准。 来自英汉非文学 - 行政法
  • That licensing procedures for projects would move faster. 这样的工程批准程序一定会加快。 来自辞典例句
4 recording UktzJj     
n.录音,记录
参考例句:
  • How long will the recording of the song take?录下这首歌得花多少时间?
  • I want to play you a recording of the rehearsal.我想给你放一下彩排的录像。
5 supplementary 0r6ws     
adj.补充的,附加的
参考例句:
  • There is a supplementary water supply in case the rain supply fails.万一主水源断了,我们另外有供水的地方。
  • A supplementary volume has been published containing the index.附有索引的增补卷已经出版。
6 enacted b0a10ad8fca50ba4217bccb35bc0f2a1     
制定(法律),通过(法案)( enact的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • legislation enacted by parliament 由议会通过的法律
  • Outside in the little lobby another scene was begin enacted. 外面的小休息室里又是另一番景象。 来自英汉文学 - 嘉莉妹妹
7 artistic IeWyG     
adj.艺术(家)的,美术(家)的;善于艺术创作的
参考例句:
  • The picture on this screen is a good artistic work.这屏风上的画是件很好的艺术品。
  • These artistic handicrafts are very popular with foreign friends.外国朋友很喜欢这些美术工艺品。
8 dissemination dissemination     
传播,宣传,传染(病毒)
参考例句:
  • The dissemination of error does people great harm. 谬种流传,误人不浅。
  • He was fully bent upon the dissemination of Chinese culture all over the world. 他一心致力于向全世界传播中国文化。
9 socialist jwcws     
n.社会主义者;adj.社会主义的
参考例句:
  • China is a socialist country,and a developing country as well.中国是一个社会主义国家,也是一个发展中国家。
  • His father was an ardent socialist.他父亲是一个热情的社会主义者。
10 ideology Scfzg     
n.意识形态,(政治或社会的)思想意识
参考例句:
  • The ideology has great influence in the world.这种思想体系在世界上有很大的影响。
  • The ideal is to strike a medium between ideology and inspiration.我的理想是在意识思想和灵感鼓动之间找到一个折衷。
11 entities 07214c6750d983a32e0a33da225c4efd     
实体对像; 实体,独立存在体,实际存在物( entity的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Our newspaper and our printing business form separate corporate entities. 我们的报纸和印刷业形成相对独立的企业实体。
  • The North American continent is made up of three great structural entities. 北美大陆是由三个构造单元组成的。
12 eligible Cq6xL     
adj.有条件被选中的;(尤指婚姻等)合适(意)的
参考例句:
  • He is an eligible young man.他是一个合格的年轻人。
  • Helen married an eligible bachelor.海伦嫁给了一个中意的单身汉。
13 graphic Aedz7     
adj.生动的,形象的,绘画的,文字的,图表的
参考例句:
  • The book gave a graphic description of the war.这本书生动地描述了战争的情况。
  • Distinguish important text items in lists with graphic icons.用图标来区分重要的文本项。
14 sketches 8d492ee1b1a5d72e6468fd0914f4a701     
n.草图( sketch的名词复数 );素描;速写;梗概
参考例句:
  • The artist is making sketches for his next painting. 画家正为他的下一幅作品画素描。
  • You have to admit that these sketches are true to life. 你得承认这些素描很逼真。 来自《简明英汉词典》
15 administrative fzDzkc     
adj.行政的,管理的
参考例句:
  • The administrative burden must be lifted from local government.必须解除地方政府的行政负担。
  • He regarded all these administrative details as beneath his notice.他认为行政管理上的这些琐事都不值一顾。
16 legislative K9hzG     
n.立法机构,立法权;adj.立法的,有立法权的
参考例句:
  • Congress is the legislative branch of the U.S. government.国会是美国政府的立法部门。
  • Today's hearing was just the first step in the legislative process.今天的听证会只是展开立法程序的第一步。
17 judicial c3fxD     
adj.司法的,法庭的,审判的,明断的,公正的
参考例句:
  • He is a man with a judicial mind.他是个公正的人。
  • Tom takes judicial proceedings against his father.汤姆对他的父亲正式提出诉讼。
18 technological gqiwY     
adj.技术的;工艺的
参考例句:
  • A successful company must keep up with the pace of technological change.一家成功的公司必须得跟上技术变革的步伐。
  • Today,the pace of life is increasing with technological advancements.当今, 随着科技进步,生活节奏不断增快。
19 autonomous DPyyv     
adj.自治的;独立的
参考例句:
  • They proudly declared themselves part of a new autonomous province.他们自豪地宣布成为新自治省的一部分。
  • This is a matter that comes within the jurisdiction of the autonomous region.这件事是属于自治区权限以内的事务。
20 authorize CO1yV     
v.授权,委任;批准,认可
参考例句:
  • He said that he needed to get his supervisor to authorize my refund.他说必须让主管人员批准我的退款。
  • Only the President could authorize the use of the atomic bomb.只有总统才能授权使用原子弹。
21 annotation 0V5zA     
n.注解
参考例句:
  • She retained a number of copies for further annotation.她保留了许多副本以便作进一步的注解。
  • He supplied annotations to nearly 15,000 musical works.他给近1.5万部音乐作品作过注解。
22 compilation kptzy     
n.编译,编辑
参考例句:
  • One of the first steps taken was the compilation of a report.首先采取的步骤之一是写一份报告。
  • The compilation of such diagrams,is of lasting value for astronomy.绘制这样的图对天文学有永恒的价值。
23 authorizing d3373e44345179a7862c7a797d2bc127     
授权,批准,委托( authorize的现在分词 )
参考例句:
  • Letters of Marque: Take letters from a warning friendly power authorizing privateering. 私掠许可证:从某一个国家获得合法抢劫的证书。
  • Formal phavee completion does not include authorizing the subsequent phavee. 阶段的正式完成不包括核准随后的阶段。
24 entity vo8xl     
n.实体,独立存在体,实际存在物
参考例句:
  • The country is no longer one political entity.这个国家不再是一个统一的政治实体了。
  • As a separate legal entity,the corporation must pay taxes.作为一个独立的法律实体,公司必须纳税。
25 joint m3lx4     
adj.联合的,共同的;n.关节,接合处;v.连接,贴合
参考例句:
  • I had a bad fall,which put my shoulder out of joint.我重重地摔了一跤,肩膀脫臼了。
  • We wrote a letter in joint names.我们联名写了封信。
26 jointly jp9zvS     
ad.联合地,共同地
参考例句:
  • Tenants are jointly and severally liable for payment of the rent. 租金由承租人共同且分别承担。
  • She owns the house jointly with her husband. 她和丈夫共同拥有这所房子。
27 explicit IhFzc     
adj.详述的,明确的;坦率的;显然的
参考例句:
  • She was quite explicit about why she left.她对自己离去的原因直言不讳。
  • He avoids the explicit answer to us.他避免给我们明确的回答。
28 alteration rxPzO     
n.变更,改变;蚀变
参考例句:
  • The shirt needs alteration.这件衬衣需要改一改。
  • He easily perceived there was an alteration in my countenance.他立刻看出我的脸色和往常有些不同。
29 unlimited MKbzB     
adj.无限的,不受控制的,无条件的
参考例句:
  • They flew over the unlimited reaches of the Arctic.他们飞过了茫茫无边的北极上空。
  • There is no safety in unlimited technological hubris.在技术方面自以为是会很危险。
30 virtue BpqyH     
n.德行,美德;贞操;优点;功效,效力
参考例句:
  • He was considered to be a paragon of virtue.他被认为是品德尽善尽美的典范。
  • You need to decorate your mind with virtue.你应该用德行美化心灵。
31 quotation 7S6xV     
n.引文,引语,语录;报价,牌价,行情
参考例句:
  • He finished his speech with a quotation from Shakespeare.他讲话结束时引用了莎士比亚的语录。
  • The quotation is omitted here.此处引文从略。
32 demonstration 9waxo     
n.表明,示范,论证,示威
参考例句:
  • His new book is a demonstration of his patriotism.他写的新书是他的爱国精神的证明。
  • He gave a demonstration of the new technique then and there.他当场表演了这种新的操作方法。
33 gathering ChmxZ     
n.集会,聚会,聚集
参考例句:
  • He called on Mr. White to speak at the gathering.他请怀特先生在集会上讲话。
  • He is on the wing gathering material for his novels.他正忙于为他的小说收集资料。
34 preservation glnzYU     
n.保护,维护,保存,保留,保持
参考例句:
  • The police are responsible for the preservation of law and order.警察负责维持法律与秩序。
  • The picture is in an excellent state of preservation.这幅画保存得极为完好。
35 recordings 22f9946cd05973582e73e4e3c0239bb7     
n.记录( recording的名词复数 );录音;录像;唱片
参考例句:
  • a boxed set of original recordings 一套盒装原声录音带
  • old jazz recordings reissued on CD 以激光唱片重新发行的老爵士乐
36 license B9TzU     
n.执照,许可证,特许;v.许可,特许
参考例句:
  • The foreign guest has a license on the person.这个外国客人随身携带执照。
  • The driver was arrested for having false license plates on his car.司机由于使用假车牌而被捕。
37 breach 2sgzw     
n.违反,不履行;破裂;vt.冲破,攻破
参考例句:
  • We won't have any breach of discipline.我们不允许任何破坏纪律的现象。
  • He was sued for breach of contract.他因不履行合同而被起诉。
38 explicitly JtZz2H     
ad.明确地,显然地
参考例句:
  • The plan does not explicitly endorse the private ownership of land. 该计划没有明确地支持土地私有制。
  • SARA amended section 113 to provide explicitly for a right to contribution. 《最高基金修正与再授权法案》修正了第123条,清楚地规定了分配权。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法
39 licensed ipMzNI     
adj.得到许可的v.许可,颁发执照(license的过去式和过去分词)
参考例句:
  • The new drug has not yet been licensed in the US. 这种新药尚未在美国获得许可。
  • Is that gun licensed? 那支枪有持枪执照吗?
40 expiration bmSxA     
n.终结,期满,呼气,呼出物
参考例句:
  • Can I have your credit card number followed by the expiration date?能告诉我你的信用卡号码和它的到期日吗?
  • This contract shall be terminated on the expiration date.劳动合同期满,即行终止。
41 tariffs a7eb9a3f31e3d6290c240675a80156ec     
关税制度; 关税( tariff的名词复数 ); 关税表; (旅馆或饭店等的)收费表; 量刑标准
参考例句:
  • British industry was sheltered from foreign competition by protective tariffs. 保护性关税使英国工业免受国际竞争影响。
  • The new tariffs have put a stranglehold on trade. 新的关税制对开展贸易极为不利。
42 specified ZhezwZ     
adj.特定的
参考例句:
  • The architect specified oak for the wood trim. 那位建筑师指定用橡木做木饰条。
  • It is generated by some specified means. 这是由某些未加说明的方法产生的。
43 exhausted 7taz4r     
adj.极其疲惫的,精疲力尽的
参考例句:
  • It was a long haul home and we arrived exhausted.搬运回家的这段路程特别长,到家时我们已筋疲力尽。
  • Jenny was exhausted by the hustle of city life.珍妮被城市生活的忙乱弄得筋疲力尽。
44 submission lUVzr     
n.服从,投降;温顺,谦虚;提出
参考例句:
  • The defeated general showed his submission by giving up his sword.战败将军缴剑表示投降。
  • No enemy can frighten us into submission.任何敌人的恐吓都不能使我们屈服。
45 abridge XIUyG     
v.删减,删节,节略,缩短
参考例句:
  • They are going to abridge that dictionary.他们将要精简那本字典。
  • He decided to abridge his stay here after he received a letter from home.他接到家信后决定缩短在这里的逗留时间。
46 modifications aab0760046b3cea52940f1668245e65d     
n.缓和( modification的名词复数 );限制;更改;改变
参考例句:
  • The engine was pulled apart for modifications and then reassembled. 发动机被拆开改型,然后再组装起来。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The original plan had undergone fairly extensive modifications. 原计划已经作了相当大的修改。 来自《简明英汉词典》
47 troupe cmJwG     
n.剧团,戏班;杂技团;马戏团
参考例句:
  • The art troupe is always on the move in frontier guards.文工团常年在边防部队流动。
  • The troupe produced a new play last night.剧团昨晚上演了一部新剧。
48 authorized jyLzgx     
a.委任的,许可的
参考例句:
  • An administrative order is valid if authorized by a statute.如果一个行政命令得到一个法规的认可那么这个命令就是有效的。
49 infringement nbvz3     
n.违反;侵权
参考例句:
  • Infringement of this regulation would automatically rule you out of the championship.违背这一规则会被自动取消参加锦标赛的资格。
  • The committee ruled that the US ban constituted an infringement of free trade.委员会裁定美国的禁令对自由贸易构成了侵犯
50 infringing 9830a3397dcc37350ee4c468f7bfe45a     
v.违反(规章等)( infringe的现在分词 );侵犯(某人的权利);侵害(某人的自由、权益等)
参考例句:
  • The material can be copied without infringing copyright. 这份材料可以复制,不会侵犯版权。
  • The media is accused of infringing on people's privacy. 人们指责媒体侵犯了大家的隐私。 来自《简明英汉词典》
51 solely FwGwe     
adv.仅仅,唯一地
参考例句:
  • Success should not be measured solely by educational achievement.成功与否不应只用学业成绩来衡量。
  • The town depends almost solely on the tourist trade.这座城市几乎完全靠旅游业维持。
52 confiscation confiscation     
n. 没收, 充公, 征收
参考例句:
  • Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels. 没收一切流亡分子和叛乱分子的财产。 来自英汉非文学 - 共产党宣言
  • Confiscation of smuggled property is part of the penalty for certain offences. 没收走私财产是对某些犯罪予以惩罚的一部分。
53 plagiarizing 6fca7d3d0da39956285b4a2ead48f2f9     
v.剽窃,抄袭( plagiarize的现在分词 )
参考例句:
  • He was accused of plagiarizing his colleague's results. 他被指控剽窃同事的成果。
  • Moderates are plagiarizing his ideas in hopes of wooing voters. 温和派为讨好选民在盗用他的观点。 来自辞典例句
54 conformity Hpuz9     
n.一致,遵从,顺从
参考例句:
  • Was his action in conformity with the law?他的行动是否合法?
  • The plan was made in conformity with his views.计划仍按他的意见制定。
55 mediation 5Cxxl     
n.调解
参考例句:
  • The dispute was settled by mediation of the third country. 这场争端通过第三国的斡旋而得以解决。
  • The dispute was settled by mediation. 经调解使争端得以解决。
56 retracts cae7021fe4a1e79a32be8947648e03ef     
v.撤回或撤消( retract的第三人称单数 );拒绝执行或遵守;缩回;拉回
参考例句:
  • A cat retracts its claws. 猫缩进它的爪子。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
  • The split graph is given endomorphism images are retracts. 给出了任意自同态像图都是收缩核的分裂图的结构。 来自互联网
57 proceedings Wk2zvX     
n.进程,过程,议程;诉讼(程序);公报
参考例句:
  • He was released on bail pending committal proceedings. 他交保获释正在候审。
  • to initiate legal proceedings against sb 对某人提起诉讼
58 arbitration hNgyh     
n.调停,仲裁
参考例句:
  • The wage disagreement is under arbitration.工资纠纷正在仲裁中。
  • Both sides have agreed that the arbitration will be binding.双方都赞同仲裁具有约束力。
59 implement WcdzG     
n.(pl.)工具,器具;vt.实行,实施,执行
参考例句:
  • Don't undertake a project unless you can implement it.不要承担一项计划,除非你能完成这项计划。
  • The best implement for digging a garden is a spade.在花园里挖土的最好工具是铁锹。
60 stipulated 5203a115be4ee8baf068f04729d1e207     
vt.& vi.规定;约定adj.[法]合同规定的
参考例句:
  • A delivery date is stipulated in the contract. 合同中规定了交货日期。
  • Yes, I think that's what we stipulated. 对呀,我想那是我们所订定的。 来自辞典例句
61 photocopying b83769281b2a4f269213b3d485dfdc3e     
v.影印,照相复制(photocopy的现在分词形式)
参考例句:
  • All photocopying machines need careful usage, and regular cleaning and maintenance. 所有照像复制机都需要小心使用、定期擦洗和维修。 来自辞典例句
  • A trademark used for a photocopying process or machine employing xerography. 商标名,用于采用静电复印术的影印过程或机器。 来自互联网
62 implementing be68540dfa000a0fb38be40d32259215     
v.实现( implement的现在分词 );执行;贯彻;使生效
参考例句:
  • -- Implementing a comprehensive drug control strategy. ――实行综合治理的禁毒战略。 来自汉英非文学 - 白皮书
  • He was in no hurry about implementing his unshakable principle. 他并不急于实行他那不可动摇的原则。 来自辞典例句
63 drawn MuXzIi     
v.拖,拉,拔出;adj.憔悴的,紧张的
参考例句:
  • All the characters in the story are drawn from life.故事中的所有人物都取材于生活。
  • Her gaze was drawn irresistibly to the scene outside.她的目光禁不住被外面的风景所吸引。
64 finalized 73d0ccbca69b94ee4cd7fc367a8ac9fc     
vt.完成(finalize的过去式与过去分词形式)
参考例句:
  • The draft of this article has been finalized [done]. 这篇文章已经定稿。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
  • The draft was revised several times before it was finalized. 稿子几经删改才定下来。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
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