中华人民共和国食品卫生法
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(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
 

(Adopted at the 16th Meeting of the Standing1 Committee of the Eighth National People's Congress on October 30, 1995, and promulgated3 by Order No. 59 of the President of the People's Republic of China on October 30, 1995)
颁布日期:19951030  实施日期:19951030  颁布单位:全国人大常委会

  Contents

  Chapter I General Provisions

  Chapter II Food Hygiene4

  Chapter III Hygiene of Food Additives6

  Chapter IV Hygiene of Food Containers, Packaging, Utensils7 and Equipment Used for Food

  Chapter V Formulation of Food Hygiene Standards and Regulations for Food Hygiene Management

  Chapter VI Food Hygiene Management

  Chapter VII Food Hygiene Supervision8

  Chapter VIII Legal Responsibility

  Chapter IX Supplementary9 Provisions

  Chapter I General Provisions

  Article 1 This Law is enacted10 for the purpose of ensuring food hygiene and preventing food contamination and harmful substances from causing injury to human health in order to safeguard the health of the people and improve their physical fitness.

  Article 2 The state shall practice a system of food hygiene supervision.

  Article 3 The health department of the State Council shall be responsible for the nationwide supervision and administration of food hygiene.

  Relevant departments of the State Council shall, within their relevant scope of duties, be responsible for the administration of food hygiene.

  Article 4 Whoever engages in food production or marketing11 within the territory of the People's Republic of China must observe this Law.

  This Law applies to all foods and food additives as well as containers, packaging, utensils and equipment used for food, detergents12 and disinfectants; it also applies to the premises13, facilities and environment associated with food production or marketing.

  Article 5 The state shall encourage and protect the social supervision of food hygiene by social organizations and individuals.

  Any person shall have the right to inform the authorities or lodge14 a complaint about violations16 of this Law.

  Chapter II Food Hygiene

  Article 6 Food shall be nontoxic and harmless, conform to proper nutritive requirements and have appropriate sensory18 properties such as color, fragrance19 and taste.

  Article 7 Principal and supplementary foods intended especially for infants and preschool children shall conform to the nutritive and hygienic standards promulgated by the health department of the State Council.

  Article 8 The processes by which food is produced or marketed shall conform to the requirements for hygiene stated below.

  (1) The environment inside and outside any food production or marketing establishment shall be kept clean and tidy; measures shall be taken to eliminate flies, rodents20cockroaches21 and other harmful insects and to remove conditions for their propagation; and a prescribed distance shall be kept from any toxic17 or harmful site.

  (2) An enterprise engaged in food production or marketing shall have workshops or other premises for the preparation of raw materials and for processing, packing and storage that are commensurate with the varieties and quantities of the products handled.

  (3) Appropriate facilities shall be made available for disinfection, changing clothes, washing, natural and artificial light, ventilation, prevention of spoilage22, protection against dust, elimination23 of flies and rodents, washing of equipment, sewage discharge and the containment24 of garbage and other wastes.

  (4) The layout of installations and the application of technological25 processes shall be rational in order to prevent cross-contamination between unprocessed foods and ready-to-eat foods and between raw materials and finished products; food must not be placed in contact with any toxic substance or filth26.

  (5) Tableware, drinking sets and containers for ready-to-eat foods must be cleaned and disinfected prior to use; cooking utensils and other utensils must be washed after use and kept clean.

  (6) Any containers and equipment used for the storage, transportation, loading and unloading of food as well as the conditions under which these operations are carried out must be safe and harmless and kept clean in order to prevent food contamination.

  (7) Ready-to-eat foods shall be kept in small packets or in clean, nontoxic packaging materials.

  (8) All persons involved in food production or marketing shall maintain a constant standard of personal hygiene, taking care to wash their hands thoroughly27 and wear clean work clothes and headgear while preparing or selling food; also, proper utensils must be used when selling ready-to-eat foods.

  (9) Any water used must conform to the national hygiene standards for drinking-water in urban and rural areas.

  (10) Any detergents and disinfectants used must be safe and harmless to human health.

  Specific provisions on the hygiene requirements for food production or marketing undertaken by food street peddlers and persons engaged in the food business in urban and rural free markets shall be formulated29 in accordance with this Law by the standing committees of the people's congresses in the provinces, autonomous30 regions, and municipalities directly under the central government.

  Article 9 The production and marketing of foods in the following categories shall be prohibited:

  (1) foods that may be injurious to human health because they are putrid31 or deteriorated32, spoiled by rancid oil or fat, moldy33infested34 with insects or worms, contaminated, contain foreign matter or manifest other sensory abnormalities;

  (2) foods that contain or are contaminated by toxic or deleterious substances and can thus be injurious to human health;

  (3) foods that contain pathogenic parasites35, microorganisms or an amount of microbial toxin36 exceeding the limits prescribed by the state;

  (4) meat or meat products that have not been inspected by the veterinary health service or have failed to pass such inspection37

  (5) poultry38livestock39, game and aquatic40 animals that have died from disease, poisoning or some unknown cause, as well as products made from them;

  (6) foods contaminated by use of filthy41 or seriously damaged containers or packages, or filthy means of conveyance42

  (7) foods that affect nutrition or health because they have been adulterated, mixed up or mislabeled;

  (8) foods prepared from inedible43 raw materials or containing inedible chemical substances, or inedible materials but falsely claimed to be foods;

  (9) foods for which the quality guarantee time limit has expired;

  (10) foods of which the sale has been specifically prohibited for the prevention of diseases or other special reasons by the health department of the State Council or by the people's governments of the provinces, autonomous regions, or municipalities directly under the central government;

  (11) foods that contain additives that have not been approved for use by the health department of the State Council, or contain residues44 of pesticides45 in excess of the limits prescribed by the state; and

  (12) other foods that do not conform to the standards and requirements for food hygiene.

  Article 10 Food must not contain medicinal substances, with the exception of those products which have traditionally served as both foods and medications using medicinal substances as raw materials, flavorings or nutritional46 fortifiers.

  Chapter III Hygiene of Food Additives

  Article 11 The production, marketing and use of food additives must conform to the hygiene standards for use of food additives and the hygiene management regulations. The marketing or use of food additives that do not conform to hygiene standards and management regulations shall be prohibited.

  Chapter IV Hygiene of Containers, Packaging, Utensils and Equipment Used for Food

  Article 12 Containers, packaging, utensils and equipment used for food must conform to the hygiene standards and the hygiene management regulations.

  Article 13 Raw or processed materials for making containers, packaging, utensils and equipment used for food must meet hygiene requirements. The finished products should be easy to clean and disinfect.

  Chapter V Formulation of Food Hygiene Standards and Regulations for Food Hygiene Management

  Article 14 The health department of the State Council shall formulate28 or approve and promulgate2 national hygiene standards, hygiene management regulations and inspection procedures for food, food additives, the containers, packaging, utensils and equipment used for food, the detergents and disinfectants used for washing food or utensils and equipment used for food, and the prescribed limits for contaminants and radioactive substances in food.

  Article 15 If the state has not formulated hygiene standards for a certain food, the people's governments of the provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government may establish local hygiene standards for that food and report them to the health department of the State Council and the department of the State Council in charge of standardization47 for filing.

  Article 16 Quotas48 with hygienics significance within the national quality standards for food additives must be examined and approved by the health department of the State Council.

  Appraisals50 of the safe use of agricultural chemicals, such as pesticides and chemical fertilizers, shall be examined and approved by the health department of the State Council.

  Veterinary hygiene inspection procedures for slaughtered51 livestock and poultry shall be jointly52 formulated by the relevant administrative53 departments and the health department of the State Council.

  Chapter VI Food Hygiene Management

  Article 17 The administrative department for food production and marketing of the people's governments at various levels should strengthen the administration of food hygiene and should supervise the implementation54 of this Law.

  The people's governments at various levels should encourage and support the improvement of food processing technology and promote the advance of food hygiene quality.

  Article 18 Enterprises engaged in food production or marketing shall improve food hygiene management systems within their units, appoint full-time55 or part-time personnel to manage food hygiene and strengthen the inspection of food produced or marketed.

  Article 19 The selection of sites and designs for the construction, extension or renovation56 of enterprises engaged in food production or marketing shall meet hygiene requirements, and the administrative departments for health must participate in the examination of those designs and in the inspection and acceptance of finished projects.

  Article 20 Before beginning production of new types of foods or food additives using new resources, the enterprises engaged in their production or marketing must submit the data necessary for the evaluation57 of the hygiene and nutrition of such products; before beginning production of new types of containers, packaging, utensils, or equipment used for foods, which use new raw or processed materials, the enterprises engaged in their production or marketing must submit the data necessary for the evaluation of the hygiene of such products. Before beginning production of the above new products, it shall also be necessary to provide samples of the products for examination and approval, in accordance with the specified58 procedures for examining and approving food hygiene standards.

  Article 21 The product description or packaging labels for any standardized59 packaged food or food additive5 must, according to the category of product and its requirements, indicate the name of the product, the place of origin, the name of the factory, the date of manufacture, the batch60 number or code number, the specifications61 of the product, the composition or principal ingredients, the time limit for quality guarantee, the method of consumption or use, and other such information. The product description for any food or food additive shall not contain exaggerated or fraudulent advertising62.

  The packaging labels for any food or food additive must be clean and easy to identify. Any food on the domestic market must have a label in Chinese.

  Article 22 If any food is declared to have special effectiveness in health care, the product itself and the product description must be submitted to the health department of the State Council for examination and approval. The health department of the State Council shall formulate the hygiene standards and regulations concerning the production and marketing of said product.

  Article 23 Any food declared to have special effectiveness in health care must not be harmful to human health. The contents of the product description must be truthful63 and the functions and ingredients of the product must conform thereto and must not be fraudulent.

  Article 24 Before the delivery or sale of food, food additives, and containers, packaging and utensils used for food, any person engaged in their production must, in accordance with hygiene standards and regulations on hygiene management, carry out inspection to ensure that said products are up to standards.

  Article 25 Whenever producers or marketers of food procure64 supplies of food and food raw materials, they shall, in accordance with the relevant state regulations, request inspection certificates or laboratory test reports, which must be provided by the supplier. The scopes and types of certificates required shall be specified by the health authorities of the provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government.

  Article 26 All persons engaged in food production or marketing must undergo an annual medical examination; persons newly employed or serving temporarily in this field must also undergo a medical examination and may not start work until they have obtained a health certificate.

  Persons suffering from dysentery, typhoid, viral hepatitis and other infectious diseases of the digestive tract65 (including pathogen carriers), active tuberculosis66, supportive or exudative67 dermatosis or any other disease incompatible68 with food hygiene, must not be engaged in any work involving contact with ready-to-eat foods.

  Article 27 Enterprises engaged in food production or marketing as well as street food peddlers must obtain a hygiene license69 issued by the administrative department for health before they shall be permitted to apply for registration70 with the administrative departments for industry and commerce. Any person without a hygiene license may not be engaged in food production or marketing.

  Persons engaged in food production or marketing must not forge, alter or lend out the hygiene license.

  The procedures for the issuance and administration of hygiene licenses71 shall be specified by the health authorities of the people's governments of the provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government.

  Article 28 The sponsors of all kinds of food markets shall be responsible for the management of food hygiene in their respective markets and shall establish the public hygiene facilities necessary to maintain good hygienic conditions.

  Article 29 The administrative departments for industry and commerce shall be responsible for the management of food hygiene in urban and rural free markets; the administrative departments for health shall be responsible for the supervision and inspection of food hygiene.

  Article 30 Imported foods, food additives and the containers, packaging, utensils and equipment used for food must comply with national hygiene standards and hygiene management regulations.

  The imports listed in the preceding paragraph shall be subject to hygiene supervision and inspection by the port agencies for imported food hygiene supervision and inspection. The goods must undergo inspection and prove to be up to standards before being permitted to be imported. The customs authorities shall grant clearance72 of goods based on the certificates of inspection.

  When declaring such products for inspection, the importer shall submit the relevant data and inspection reports on the pesticides, additives, fumigants and other such substances used by the exporting country (region)。

  The imports listed in the first paragraph shall be inspected in accordance with national hygiene standards. In the event that no national hygiene standards exist, the importer must submit data on the hygiene appraisal49 issued by the health departments or organizations of the exporting country (region)。 The import agencies for imported food hygiene supervision and inspection shall examine and inspect these data and submit them to the health department of the State Council for approval.

  Article 31 Foods for export shall be subject to hygiene supervision and inspection by state inspection agencies for import and export goods.

  The customs authorities shall grant clearance for export goods based on the certificates issued by the state inspection agencies for import and export goods.

  Chapter VII Food Hygiene Supervision

  Article 32 The health authorities of the local people's governments at the county level or above shall fulfill73 the functions of food hygiene supervision within the scope of their jurisdiction74.

  Agencies for food hygiene supervision established by the departments in charge of administration of railways and other transportation shall fulfill the functions of food hygiene supervision as stipulated75 by the health department in consultation76 with other relevant departments of the State Council.

  Article 33 The functions of food hygiene supervision shall be as follows:

  (1) to provide monitoring of, inspection of and technical guidance for food hygiene;

  (2) to contribute to the training of personnel for food production and marketing and to supervise the medical examinations of such personnel;

  (3) to spread knowledge of food hygiene and nutrition, provide appraisals of food hygiene and publicize the existing condition of food hygiene;

  (4) to conduct hygiene inspections77 of sites and designs for the construction, extension or renovation of enterprises engaged in food production or marketing and participate in the inspection and acceptance of finished projects;

  (5) to investigate accidents involving food poisoning or food contamination and take appropriate measures of control;

  (6) to make rounds of inspection and supervision concerning acts in violation15 of this Law;

  (7) to determine the responsibility of persons who violate this Law and impose administrative penalties on them according to law; and

  (8) to take charge of other matters that concern food hygiene supervision.

  Article 34 The health authorities of the people's governments at the county level or above shall appoint food hygiene supervisors78. The supervisors shall be qualified79 specialists certified80 by the health authorities at the corresponding level.

  The food hygiene supervisors of railways and other transportation agencies shall be certified by the relevant authorities at a higher level.

  Article 35 Food hygiene supervisors shall carry out the tasks assigned to them by the administrative departments for health.

  Food hygiene supervisors must enforce laws impartially81, be devoted82 to their duties and shall not take advantage of their positions for their own benefit.

  While carrying out their tasks, food hygiene supervisors may obtain information from the producers or marketers of food, request any necessary data, enter the production or marketing premises for purposes of inspection, and obtain free samples in accordance with regulations. The producers or marketers of food may not turn down such requests nor holdback any information.

  The food hygiene supervisors shall be obliged to keep confidential83 any technical data provided by the producers or marketers.

  Article 36 The health department of the State Council and the health authorities of the people's governments of the various provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government may, if the need arises, assign competent units as units for the inspection of food hygiene; these units shall carry out food hygiene inspection and provide inspection reports.

  Article 37 The health authorities of the local people's governments at the county level or above may take any of the following provisional measures of control towards a producer or marketer of food who is responsible for a food poisoning accident which has already occurred or for which there is evidence of the possibility of occurring.

  (1) to seal up the food and its raw materials which has caused or which may possibly cause a food poisoning accident or;

  (2) to seal up contaminated utensils or equipment used for food, and order a washing and disinfection.

  Upon inspection, food proved to be contaminated shall be destroyed; food which is not contaminated shall not be sealed up.

  Article 38 Units where food poisoning accidents have occurred as well as units where the victims have been admitted for hospitalization shall, in addition to taking rescue measures, submit prompt reports to the local health authorities in accordance with relevant state provisions.

  The health authorities of the local people's governments at the county level or above shall, upon receiving the above-mentioned report, investigate and handle the case promptly84, and shall take appropriate measures of control.

  Chapter VIII Legal Responsibility

  Article 39 Whoever, in violation of the provisions of this Law, produces or markets food which does not conform to hygiene standards and thereby85 causes a food poisoning accident or transmission of a disease caused by food-borne bacteria shall be ordered to stop production or marketing and destroy the food which is the cause of the accident or disease; moreover, they shall have any illegal gains confiscated86 and be subject to a fine of from one to five times the amount of any illegal gains; if there are no illegal gains, a fine of between 1,000 yuan and 50,000 yuan shall be imposed.

  Whoever, in violation of the provisions of this Law, produces or markets food which does not conform to hygiene standards, and thereby causes a serious accident of food poisoning or transmission of a serious disease caused by food-borne bacteria, resulting in great harm to human health, or who puts poisonous or harmful inedible raw materials in manufactured or marketed food, shall be investigated for criminal responsibility in accordance with the law.

  Anyone who commits one of the acts listed in this Article shall have his hygiene license revoked87.

  Article 40 Whoever, in violation of the provisions of this Law, engages in food production or marketing without a hygiene license or with a forged hygiene license shall be banned, have any illegal gains confiscated and be subject to a fine of from one to five times the amount of any illegal gains; if there are no illegal gains, a fine of between 500 yuan and 30,000 yuan shall be imposed. Anyone who alters or lends out a hygiene license shall have the hygiene license revoked, shall have any illegal gains confiscated and shall be subject to a fine of from one to three times the amount of any illegal gains; if there are no illegal gains, a fine of between 500 yuan and 10,000 yuan shall be imposed.

  Article 41 Whoever, in violation of the provisions of this Law, fails to comply with hygiene requirements in the process of food production or marketing shall be ordered to make corrections, be given a warning and may also be fined an amount of up to 5,000 yuan; if the offender88 refuses to make such corrections or if the other circumstances are serious, the hygiene license shall be revoked.

  Article 42 Whoever, in violation of the provisions of this Law, produces or markets food of which the production or marketing has been prohibited shall be ordered to stop its production or marketing, promptly issue an announcement calling for the withdrawal89 of food already sold and shall proceed to destroy such food; moreover, any illegal gains shall be confiscated, and a fine of from one to five times the amount of any illegal gains shall be imposed; if there are no illegal gains, a fine of from 1,000 yuan to 50,000 yuan shall be imposed. If the circumstances are serious, the hygiene license shall be revoked.

  Article 43 Whoever, in violation of the provisions of this Law, produces or markets principal or supplementary foods intended especially for infants or preschool children which do not conform to nutritive and hygienic standards shall be ordered to stop production or marketing, promptly issue an announcement calling for the withdrawal of foods already sold and proceed to destroy such foods; moreover, any illegal gains shall be confiscated and a fine of from one to five times the amount of any illegal gains shall be imposed; if there are no illegal gains, a fine of between 1,000 yuan and 50,000 yuan shall be imposed. If the circumstances are serious, the hygiene license shall be revoked.

  Article 44 Whoever, in violation of the provisions of this Law, produces, markets or uses food additives, containers, packaging, utensils or equipment used for food, or detergents and disinfectants which do not conform to hygiene standards and hygiene management regulations shall be ordered to stop their production, marketing or use, have any illegal gains confiscated, and be subject to a fine from one to three times the amount of any illegal gains; if there are no illegal gains, a fine of up to 5,000 yuan shall be imposed.

  Article 45 Whoever, in violation of the provisions of this Law, produces or markets foods described as possessing special effectiveness in health care without examination by and approval of the health department of the State Council, or produces or markets such food with its product description containing fraudulent claims shall be ordered to stop production or marketing, have any illegal gains confiscated, and be subject to a fine from one to five times the amount of any illegal gains; if there are no illegal gains, a fine of between 1,000 yuan and 50,000 yuan shall be imposed. If the circumstances are serious, the hygiene lance shall be revoked.

  Article 46 Whoever, in violation of the provisions of this Law, fails to provide or fraudulently indicates such items as the date of manufacture, the time limit for quality guarantee, etc., in the product description or packaging label for any standardized packaged food or food additive, or who, in violation of the provisions of this Law, fails to provide packaging labels in Chinese, shall be ordered to make corrections and may also be subject to a fine of between 500 yuan and 10,000 yuan.

  Article 47 Whoever, in violation of the provisions of this Law, engages in food production or marketing without a health certificate, or does not transfer from work involving food production or marketing an employee who suffers from a disease for which, according to regulations, contact with ready-to-eat foods should be prohibited shall be ordered to make corrections and may also be subject to a fine of up to 5,000 yuan.

  Article 48 Whoever, in violation of the provisions of this Law, is responsible for a food poisoning accident or transmission of a disease caused by food-borne bacteria, or commits other acts in violation of this Law which results in harm to others, shall assume civil responsibility for compensation in accordance with the law.

  Article 49 The administrative penalties stipulated in this Law shall be determined90 by the health authorities of the local people's governments at the county level and above. Other agencies stipulated in this law for the exercise of food hygiene supervision shall, within the scope of their respective powers, make decisions on administrative penalties in accordance with the provisions of this Law.

  Article 50 If a party refuses to accept an administrative penalty decision, it may apply for reconsideration to the agency at the level next higher than the one that made the decision within 15 days from the date of receiving notification of the penalty; it may also directly file a suit in a people's court within 15 days from the date of receiving notification of the penalty.

  The agency making the reconsideration shall produce a decision within 15 days from the date of receiving the application for reconsideration. If the party refuses to accept the reconsideration decision, it may file a suit in a people's court within 15 days from the date of receiving the reconsideration decision.

  If a party neither applies for consideration, nor files a suit in a people's court, nor complies with the penalty decision within the specified time limit, the agency that made the penalty decision may apply to a people's court for compulsory91 enforcement.

  Article 51 Where the administrative departments for health, in violation of the provisions of this Law, issue a hygiene license to producers or marketers who do not meet the requirements, the personnel directly responsible shall be subject to disciplinary sanctions; if a bribe92 has been accepted and the act constitutes a crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law.

  Article 52 Where personnel in charge of food hygiene supervision and management abuse authority, neglect duties or engages in fraud for selfish ends, and thereby cause a serious accident, if the act constitutes a crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law; if the act does not constitute a crime, disciplinary sanctions shall be imposed.

  Article 53 Whoever, by restoring to violence or threats, obstructs93 personnel in charge of food hygiene supervision and management who are legally carrying out their functions shall be investigated for criminal responsibility; if anyone, without resorting to violence or threats, refuses or obstructs personnel in charge of food hygiene supervision and management who are legally carrying out their functions, the public security authorities shall impose punishment in accordance with the Regulations on Administrative Penalties for Public Security.

  Chapter IX Supplementary Provisions

  Article 54 The meaning of the following terms used in this Law:

  “Food” refers to any finished product or raw material intended for people to eat or drink, as well as any product that has traditionally served as both food and medication, with the exception of products used solely94 for medical purposes.

  “Food additive” refers to any synthetic95 compound or natural substance put into food to improve its quality, color, fragrance or taste, or for the sake of preservation96 or processing.

  “Nutrition fortifier” refers to any natural or artificial food additive belonging to the category of natural nutrients97 that is put into food to increase its nutritive value.

  “Containers and packaging used for food” refers to products of various materials including paper, bamboo, wood, metal, enamelware, ceramics98, plastics, rubber, natural fibers99, synthetic fibers or glass that are used to wrap or contain food, as well as paints or coatings that come in direct contact with food.

  “Utensils and equipment used for food” refers to apparatus100 including machinery101, piping, conveyer belts, containers, utensils and tableware that comes in direct contact with food in the course of food production or marketing.

  “Food production or marketing” refers to all operations in the production of food (other than planting and breeding) and activities such as the gathering102, purchase, processing, storage, transport, display, supply and sale of food.

  “Producers or marketers of food” refers to all units or persons involved in food production or marketing, including workers' dining halls, food street peddlers and other such operations.

  Article 55 Procedures for the administration of food for export shall be formulated separately by the state department responsible for the inspection of imported and exported goods in conjunction with the health department of the State Council and other relevant departments.

  Article 56 Procedures for the hygiene management of food intended especially for or self-supported by the military shall be formulated by the Central Military Committee in accordance with this Law.

  Article 57 This Law shall be implemented103 as of the date of promulgation104. The Food Hygiene Law of the People's Republic of China (For Trial Implementation) shall be superseded at the same date



点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 standing 2hCzgo     
n.持续,地位;adj.永久的,不动的,直立的,不流动的
参考例句:
  • After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
  • They're standing out against any change in the law.他们坚决反对对法律做任何修改。
2 promulgate Etnyl     
v.宣布;传播;颁布(法令、新法律等)
参考例句:
  • The king promulgate a decree.国王颁布了一项命令。
  • The shipping industry promulgated a voluntary code.航运业对自律守则进行了宣传。
3 promulgated a4e9ce715ee72e022795b8072a6e618f     
v.宣扬(某事物)( promulgate的过去式和过去分词 );传播;公布;颁布(法令、新法律等)
参考例句:
  • Hence China has promulgated more than 30 relevant laws, statutes and regulations. 中国为此颁布的法律、法规和规章多达30余项。 来自汉英非文学 - 白皮书
  • The shipping industry promulgated a voluntary code. 航运业对自律守则进行了宣传。 来自辞典例句
4 hygiene Kchzr     
n.健康法,卫生学 (a.hygienic)
参考例句:
  • Their course of study includes elementary hygiene and medical theory.他们的课程包括基础卫生学和医疗知识。
  • He's going to give us a lecture on public hygiene.他要给我们作关于公共卫生方面的报告。
5 additive BJFyM     
adj.附加的;n.添加剂
参考例句:
  • Colour is often an additive in foods.颜料经常是各种食物中的添加物。
  • Strict safety tests are carried out on food additives.对食品添加剂进行了严格的安全检测。
6 additives cf3f12a049807f79b9faf1553e074059     
n.添加剂( additive的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • chemical additives in petrol 汽油中的化学添加剂
  • It'says on the packet that these crisps contain no additives. 包装上说这些炸薯片不含添加剂。 来自《简明英汉词典》
7 utensils 69f125dfb1fef9b418c96d1986e7b484     
器具,用具,器皿( utensil的名词复数 ); 器物
参考例句:
  • Formerly most of our household utensils were made of brass. 以前我们家庭用的器皿多数是用黄铜做的。
  • Some utensils were in a state of decay when they were unearthed. 有些器皿在出土时已经残破。
8 supervision hr6wv     
n.监督,管理
参考例句:
  • The work was done under my supervision.这项工作是在我的监督之下完成的。
  • The old man's will was executed under the personal supervision of the lawyer.老人的遗嘱是在律师的亲自监督下执行的。
9 supplementary 0r6ws     
adj.补充的,附加的
参考例句:
  • There is a supplementary water supply in case the rain supply fails.万一主水源断了,我们另外有供水的地方。
  • A supplementary volume has been published containing the index.附有索引的增补卷已经出版。
10 enacted b0a10ad8fca50ba4217bccb35bc0f2a1     
制定(法律),通过(法案)( enact的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • legislation enacted by parliament 由议会通过的法律
  • Outside in the little lobby another scene was begin enacted. 外面的小休息室里又是另一番景象。 来自英汉文学 - 嘉莉妹妹
11 marketing Boez7e     
n.行销,在市场的买卖,买东西
参考例句:
  • They are developing marketing network.他们正在发展销售网络。
  • He often goes marketing.他经常去市场做生意。
12 detergents 2f4a6c42e9c2663b781bda4f769407b9     
n.洗涤剂( detergent的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Such detergents do not yellow the wool as alkali tends to do. 这种洗涤剂不会象碱那样使羊毛发黄。 来自辞典例句
  • Development of detergents has required optimization of the surfactants structure. 发展洗涤剂时,要求使用最恰当的表面活性剂结构。 来自辞典例句
13 premises 6l1zWN     
n.建筑物,房屋
参考例句:
  • According to the rules,no alcohol can be consumed on the premises.按照规定,场内不准饮酒。
  • All repairs are done on the premises and not put out.全部修缮都在家里进行,不用送到外面去做。
14 lodge q8nzj     
v.临时住宿,寄宿,寄存,容纳;n.传达室,小旅馆
参考例句:
  • Is there anywhere that I can lodge in the village tonight?村里有我今晚过夜的地方吗?
  • I shall lodge at the inn for two nights.我要在这家小店住两个晚上。
15 violation lLBzJ     
n.违反(行为),违背(行为),侵犯
参考例句:
  • He roared that was a violation of the rules.他大声说,那是违反规则的。
  • He was fined 200 dollars for violation of traffic regulation.他因违反交通规则被罚款200美元。
16 violations 403b65677d39097086593415b650ca21     
违反( violation的名词复数 ); 冒犯; 违反(行为、事例); 强奸
参考例句:
  • This is one of the commonest traffic violations. 这是常见的违反交通规则之例。
  • These violations of the code must cease forthwith. 这些违犯法规的行为必须立即停止。
17 toxic inSwc     
adj.有毒的,因中毒引起的
参考例句:
  • The factory had accidentally released a quantity of toxic waste into the sea.这家工厂意外泄漏大量有毒废物到海中。
  • There is a risk that toxic chemicals might be blasted into the atmosphere.爆炸后有毒化学物质可能会进入大气层。
18 sensory Azlwe     
adj.知觉的,感觉的,知觉器官的
参考例句:
  • Human powers of sensory discrimination are limited.人类感官分辨能力有限。
  • The sensory system may undergo long-term adaptation in alien environments.感觉系统对陌生的环境可能经过长时期才能适应。
19 fragrance 66ryn     
n.芬芳,香味,香气
参考例句:
  • The apple blossoms filled the air with their fragrance.苹果花使空气充满香味。
  • The fragrance of lavender filled the room.房间里充满了薰衣草的香味。
20 rodents 1ff5f0f12f2930e77fb620b1471a2124     
n.啮齿目动物( rodent的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Rodents carry diseases and are generally regarded as pests. 啮齿目动物传播疾病,常被当作害虫对待。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Some wild rodents in Africa also harbor the virus. 在非洲,有些野生啮齿动物也是储毒者。 来自辞典例句
21 cockroaches 1936d5f0f3d8e13fc00370b7ef69c14c     
n.蟑螂( cockroach的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • At night, the cockroaches filled the house with their rustlings. 夜里,屋里尽是蟑螂窸窸瑟瑟的声音。 来自辞典例句
  • It loves cockroaches, and can keep a house clear of these hated insects. 它们好食蟑螂,可以使住宅免除这些讨厌昆虫的骚扰。 来自百科语句
22 spoilage NrdyA     
n.(食物等)变质,损坏
参考例句:
  • He was determined to track down the cause of food spoilage.他决心查出食品腐烂的原因。
  • The principal methods of avoiding spoilage are the use of pure yeast strains as starters.防止啤酒变坏的主要方法是用纯酵母菌株发酵。
23 elimination 3qexM     
n.排除,消除,消灭
参考例句:
  • Their elimination from the competition was a great surprise.他们在比赛中遭到淘汰是个很大的意外。
  • I was eliminated from the 400 metres in the semi-finals.我在400米半决赛中被淘汰。
24 containment fZnyi     
n.阻止,遏制;容量
参考例句:
  • Your list might include such things as cost containment,quality,or customer satisfaction.你的清单上应列有诸如成本控制、产品质量、客户满意程度等内容。
  • Insularity and self-containment,it is argued,go hand in hand.他们争论说,心胸狭窄和自我封闭是并存的。
25 technological gqiwY     
adj.技术的;工艺的
参考例句:
  • A successful company must keep up with the pace of technological change.一家成功的公司必须得跟上技术变革的步伐。
  • Today,the pace of life is increasing with technological advancements.当今, 随着科技进步,生活节奏不断增快。
26 filth Cguzj     
n.肮脏,污物,污秽;淫猥
参考例句:
  • I don't know how you can read such filth.我不明白你怎么会去读这种淫秽下流的东西。
  • The dialogue was all filth and innuendo.这段对话全是下流的言辞和影射。
27 thoroughly sgmz0J     
adv.完全地,彻底地,十足地
参考例句:
  • The soil must be thoroughly turned over before planting.一定要先把土地深翻一遍再下种。
  • The soldiers have been thoroughly instructed in the care of their weapons.士兵们都系统地接受过保护武器的训练。
28 formulate L66yt     
v.用公式表示;规划;设计;系统地阐述
参考例句:
  • He took care to formulate his reply very clearly.他字斟句酌,清楚地做了回答。
  • I was impressed by the way he could formulate his ideas.他陈述观点的方式让我印象深刻。
29 formulated cfc86c2c7185ae3f93c4d8a44e3cea3c     
v.构想出( formulate的过去式和过去分词 );规划;确切地阐述;用公式表示
参考例句:
  • He claims that the writer never consciously formulated his own theoretical position. 他声称该作家从未有意识地阐明他自己的理论见解。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • This idea can be formulated in two different ways. 这个意思可以有两种说法。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
30 autonomous DPyyv     
adj.自治的;独立的
参考例句:
  • They proudly declared themselves part of a new autonomous province.他们自豪地宣布成为新自治省的一部分。
  • This is a matter that comes within the jurisdiction of the autonomous region.这件事是属于自治区权限以内的事务。
31 putrid P04zD     
adj.腐臭的;有毒的;已腐烂的;卑劣的
参考例句:
  • To eat putrid food is liable to get sick.吃了腐败的食物容易生病。
  • A putrid smell drove us from the room.一股腐臭的气味迫使我们离开这房间。
32 deteriorated a4fe98b02a18d2ca4fe500863af93815     
恶化,变坏( deteriorate的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • Her health deteriorated rapidly, and she died shortly afterwards. 她的健康状况急剧恶化,不久便去世了。
  • His condition steadily deteriorated. 他的病情恶化,日甚一日。
33 moldy Q1gya     
adj.发霉的
参考例句:
  • She chucked the moldy potatoes in the dustbin.她把发霉的土豆扔进垃圾箱。
  • Oranges can be kept for a long time without going moldy.橙子可以存放很长时间而不腐烂。
34 infested f7396944f0992504a7691e558eca6411     
adj.为患的,大批滋生的(常与with搭配)v.害虫、野兽大批出没于( infest的过去式和过去分词 );遍布于
参考例句:
  • The kitchen was infested with ants. 厨房里到处是蚂蚁。
  • The apartments were infested with rats and roaches. 公寓里面到处都是老鼠和蟑螂。
35 parasites a8076647ef34cfbbf9d3cb418df78a08     
寄生物( parasite的名词复数 ); 靠他人为生的人; 诸虫
参考例句:
  • These symptoms may be referable to virus infection rather than parasites. 这些症状也许是由病毒感染引起的,而与寄生虫无关。
  • Kangaroos harbor a vast range of parasites. 袋鼠身上有各种各样的寄生虫。
36 toxin hn5wb     
n.毒素,毒质
参考例句:
  • Experts have linked this condition to a build-up of toxins in the body.专家已把这一病症与体内毒素的积累联系起来。
  • Tests showed increased levels of toxin in shellfish.检验表明水生有壳动物的毒素水平提高了。
37 inspection y6TxG     
n.检查,审查,检阅
参考例句:
  • On random inspection the meat was found to be bad.经抽查,发现肉变质了。
  • The soldiers lined up for their daily inspection by their officers.士兵们列队接受军官的日常检阅。
38 poultry GPQxh     
n.家禽,禽肉
参考例句:
  • There is not much poultry in the shops. 商店里禽肉不太多。
  • What do you feed the poultry on? 你们用什么饲料喂养家禽?
39 livestock c0Wx1     
n.家畜,牲畜
参考例句:
  • Both men and livestock are flourishing.人畜两旺。
  • The heavy rains and flooding killed scores of livestock.暴雨和大水淹死了许多牲口。
40 aquatic mvXzk     
adj.水生的,水栖的
参考例句:
  • Aquatic sports include swimming and rowing.水上运动包括游泳和划船。
  • We visited an aquatic city in Italy.我们在意大利访问过一个水上城市。
41 filthy ZgOzj     
adj.卑劣的;恶劣的,肮脏的
参考例句:
  • The whole river has been fouled up with filthy waste from factories.整条河都被工厂的污秽废物污染了。
  • You really should throw out that filthy old sofa and get a new one.你真的应该扔掉那张肮脏的旧沙发,然后再去买张新的。
42 conveyance OoDzv     
n.(不动产等的)转让,让与;转让证书;传送;运送;表达;(正)运输工具
参考例句:
  • Bicycles have become the most popular conveyance for Chinese people.自行车已成为中国人最流行的代步工具。
  • Its another,older,usage is a synonym for conveyance.它的另一个更古老的习惯用法是作为财产转让的同义词使用。
43 inedible PQQzU     
adj.不能吃的,不宜食用的
参考例句:
  • The food was totally inedible.食物完全无法下咽。
  • These chemicals make the fruit inedible.这些化学品使这种水果不宜食用。
44 residues 3e5a3e323766c2626c2be0d6feafa1da     
n.剩余,余渣( residue的名词复数 );剩余财产;剩数
参考例句:
  • pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables 残留在水果和蔬菜中的杀虫剂
  • All organic and metallic residues on the wafers must be removed. 片子上所有的有机和金属残留物均必须清除。 来自辞典例句
45 pesticides abb0488ed6905584ea91347395a890e8     
n.杀虫剂( pesticide的名词复数 );除害药物
参考例句:
  • vegetables grown without the use of pesticides 未用杀虫剂种植的蔬菜
  • There is a lot of concern over the amount of herbicides and pesticides used in farming. 人们对农业上灭草剂和杀虫剂的用量非常担忧。 来自《简明英汉词典》
46 nutritional 4HRxN     
adj.营养的,滋养的
参考例句:
  • A diet lacking in nutritional value will not keep a person healthy.缺乏营养价值的饮食不能维持人的健康。
  • The labels on food products give a lot of information about their nutritional content.食品上的标签提供很多关于营养成分的信息。
47 standardization nuPwl     
n.标准化
参考例句:
  • Standardization of counseling techniques is obviously impossible. 很清楚,要想使研讨方法标准化是不可能的。
  • In Britain, progress towards standardization was much slower. 在英国,向标准化进展要迟缓得多。
48 quotas 56efa1d6a3d7b4abe55e080dda812715     
(正式限定的)定量( quota的名词复数 ); 定额; 指标; 摊派
参考例句:
  • In fulfilling the production quotas, John made rings round all his fellow workers. 约翰完成生产定额大大超过他的同事们。
  • Quotas of the means of production are allocated by the higher administrative bodies to the lower ones. 物资指标按隶属关系分配。
49 appraisal hvFzt     
n.对…作出的评价;评价,鉴定,评估
参考例句:
  • What's your appraisal of the situation?你对局势是如何评估的?
  • We need to make a proper appraisal of his work.对于他的工作我们需要做出适当的评价。
50 appraisals 82b0aba4d96c75b71c09801177d6be82     
估计,估量,评价( appraisal的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • He had read many detailed critical appraisals of her work. 他读了许多详细评论她的作品的文章。
  • The English themselves are somewhat insular in their literary appraisals. 英国人评价自己的文学,也不免有偏狭处。
51 slaughtered 59ed88f0d23c16f58790fb11c4a5055d     
v.屠杀,杀戮,屠宰( slaughter的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • The invading army slaughtered a lot of people. 侵略军杀了许多人。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Hundreds of innocent civilians were cruelly slaughtered. 数百名无辜平民遭残杀。 来自《简明英汉词典》
52 jointly jp9zvS     
ad.联合地,共同地
参考例句:
  • Tenants are jointly and severally liable for payment of the rent. 租金由承租人共同且分别承担。
  • She owns the house jointly with her husband. 她和丈夫共同拥有这所房子。
53 administrative fzDzkc     
adj.行政的,管理的
参考例句:
  • The administrative burden must be lifted from local government.必须解除地方政府的行政负担。
  • He regarded all these administrative details as beneath his notice.他认为行政管理上的这些琐事都不值一顾。
54 implementation 2awxV     
n.实施,贯彻
参考例句:
  • Implementation of the program is now well underway.这一项目的实施现在行情看好。
55 full-time SsBz42     
adj.满工作日的或工作周的,全时间的
参考例句:
  • A full-time job may be too much for her.全天工作她恐怕吃不消。
  • I don't know how she copes with looking after her family and doing a full-time job.既要照顾家庭又要全天工作,我不知道她是如何对付的。
56 renovation xVAxF     
n.革新,整修
参考例句:
  • The cinema will reopen next week after the renovation.电影院修缮后,将于下星期开业。
  • The building has undergone major renovation.这座大楼已进行大整修。
57 evaluation onFxd     
n.估价,评价;赋值
参考例句:
  • I attempted an honest evaluation of my own life.我试图如实地评价我自己的一生。
  • The new scheme is still under evaluation.新方案还在评估阶段。
58 specified ZhezwZ     
adj.特定的
参考例句:
  • The architect specified oak for the wood trim. 那位建筑师指定用橡木做木饰条。
  • It is generated by some specified means. 这是由某些未加说明的方法产生的。
59 standardized 8hHzgs     
adj.标准化的
参考例句:
  • We use standardized tests to measure scholastic achievement. 我们用标准化考试来衡量学生的学业成绩。
  • The parts of an automobile are standardized. 汽车零件是标准化了的。
60 batch HQgyz     
n.一批(组,群);一批生产量
参考例句:
  • The first batch of cakes was burnt.第一炉蛋糕烤焦了。
  • I have a batch of letters to answer.我有一批信要回复。
61 specifications f3453ce44685398a83b7fe3902d2b90c     
n.规格;载明;详述;(产品等的)说明书;说明书( specification的名词复数 );详细的计划书;载明;详述
参考例句:
  • Our work must answer the specifications laid down. 我们的工作应符合所定的规范。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • This sketch does not conform with the specifications. 图文不符。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
62 advertising 1zjzi3     
n.广告业;广告活动 a.广告的;广告业务的
参考例句:
  • Can you give me any advice on getting into advertising? 你能指点我如何涉足广告业吗?
  • The advertising campaign is aimed primarily at young people. 这个广告宣传运动主要是针对年轻人的。
63 truthful OmpwN     
adj.真实的,说实话的,诚实的
参考例句:
  • You can count on him for a truthful report of the accident.你放心,他会对事故作出如实的报告的。
  • I don't think you are being entirely truthful.我认为你并没全讲真话。
64 procure A1GzN     
vt.获得,取得,促成;vi.拉皮条
参考例句:
  • Can you procure some specimens for me?你能替我弄到一些标本吗?
  • I'll try my best to procure you that original French novel.我将尽全力给你搞到那本原版法国小说。
65 tract iJxz4     
n.传单,小册子,大片(土地或森林)
参考例句:
  • He owns a large tract of forest.他拥有一大片森林。
  • He wrote a tract on this subject.他曾对此写了一篇短文。
66 tuberculosis bprym     
n.结核病,肺结核
参考例句:
  • People used to go to special health spring to recover from tuberculosis.人们常去温泉疗养胜地治疗肺结核。
  • Tuberculosis is a curable disease.肺结核是一种可治愈的病。
67 exudative 60eba94bdca2c8791a120160bd73b893     
adj.渗出(性)的,流出(性)的
参考例句:
  • The bronchopneumonia is exudative in type and lobular in distribution. 支气管肺炎在性质上是渗出性的,在分布是小叶性的。 来自辞典例句
  • Conclusion PCV could be a special type of CNV of exudative AMD. 结论PCV与湿性AMD不尽相同,可能是AMD的另一种特殊类型,治疗可能应有所不同,有待于进一步研究。 来自互联网
68 incompatible y8oxu     
adj.不相容的,不协调的,不相配的
参考例句:
  • His plan is incompatible with my intent.他的计划与我的意图不相符。
  • Speed and safety are not necessarily incompatible.速度和安全未必不相容。
69 license B9TzU     
n.执照,许可证,特许;v.许可,特许
参考例句:
  • The foreign guest has a license on the person.这个外国客人随身携带执照。
  • The driver was arrested for having false license plates on his car.司机由于使用假车牌而被捕。
70 registration ASKzO     
n.登记,注册,挂号
参考例句:
  • Marriage without registration is not recognized by law.法律不承认未登记的婚姻。
  • What's your registration number?你挂的是几号?
71 licenses 9d2fccd1fa9364fe38442db17bb0cb15     
n.执照( license的名词复数 )v.批准,许可,颁发执照( license的第三人称单数 )
参考例句:
  • Drivers have ten days' grace to renew their licenses. 驾驶员更换执照有10天的宽限期。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
  • Jewish firms couldn't get import or export licenses or raw materials. 犹太人的企业得不到进出口许可证或原料。 来自辞典例句
72 clearance swFzGa     
n.净空;许可(证);清算;清除,清理
参考例句:
  • There was a clearance of only ten centimetres between the two walls.两堵墙之间只有十厘米的空隙。
  • The ship sailed as soon as it got clearance. 那艘船一办好离港手续立刻启航了。
73 fulfill Qhbxg     
vt.履行,实现,完成;满足,使满意
参考例句:
  • If you make a promise you should fulfill it.如果你许诺了,你就要履行你的诺言。
  • This company should be able to fulfill our requirements.这家公司应该能够满足我们的要求。
74 jurisdiction La8zP     
n.司法权,审判权,管辖权,控制权
参考例句:
  • It doesn't lie within my jurisdiction to set you free.我无权将你释放。
  • Changzhou is under the jurisdiction of Jiangsu Province.常州隶属江苏省。
75 stipulated 5203a115be4ee8baf068f04729d1e207     
vt.& vi.规定;约定adj.[法]合同规定的
参考例句:
  • A delivery date is stipulated in the contract. 合同中规定了交货日期。
  • Yes, I think that's what we stipulated. 对呀,我想那是我们所订定的。 来自辞典例句
76 consultation VZAyq     
n.咨询;商量;商议;会议
参考例句:
  • The company has promised wide consultation on its expansion plans.该公司允诺就其扩展计划广泛征求意见。
  • The scheme was developed in close consultation with the local community.该计划是在同当地社区密切磋商中逐渐形成的。
77 inspections c445f9a2296d8835cd7d4a2da50fc5ca     
n.检查( inspection的名词复数 );检验;视察;检阅
参考例句:
  • Regular inspections are carried out at the prison. 经常有人来视察这座监狱。
  • Government inspections ensure a high degree of uniformity in the standard of service. 政府检查确保了在服务标准方面的高度一致。 来自《简明英汉词典》
78 supervisors 80530f394132f10fbf245e5fb15e2667     
n.监督者,管理者( supervisor的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • I think the best technical people make the best supervisors. 我认为最好的技术人员可以成为最好的管理人员。 来自辞典例句
  • Even the foremen or first-level supervisors have a staffing responsibility. 甚至领班或第一线的监督人员也有任用的责任。 来自辞典例句
79 qualified DCPyj     
adj.合格的,有资格的,胜任的,有限制的
参考例句:
  • He is qualified as a complete man of letters.他有资格当真正的文学家。
  • We must note that we still lack qualified specialists.我们必须看到我们还缺乏有资质的专家。
80 certified fw5zkU     
a.经证明合格的;具有证明文件的
参考例句:
  • Doctors certified him as insane. 医生证明他精神失常。
  • The planes were certified airworthy. 飞机被证明适于航行。
81 impartially lqbzdy     
adv.公平地,无私地
参考例句:
  • Employers must consider all candidates impartially and without bias. 雇主必须公平而毫无成见地考虑所有求职者。
  • We hope that they're going to administer justice impartially. 我们希望他们能主持正义,不偏不倚。
82 devoted xu9zka     
adj.忠诚的,忠实的,热心的,献身于...的
参考例句:
  • He devoted his life to the educational cause of the motherland.他为祖国的教育事业贡献了一生。
  • We devoted a lengthy and full discussion to this topic.我们对这个题目进行了长时间的充分讨论。
83 confidential MOKzA     
adj.秘(机)密的,表示信任的,担任机密工作的
参考例句:
  • He refused to allow his secretary to handle confidential letters.他不让秘书处理机密文件。
  • We have a confidential exchange of views.我们推心置腹地交换意见。
84 promptly LRMxm     
adv.及时地,敏捷地
参考例句:
  • He paid the money back promptly.他立即还了钱。
  • She promptly seized the opportunity his absence gave her.她立即抓住了因他不在场给她创造的机会。
85 thereby Sokwv     
adv.因此,从而
参考例句:
  • I have never been to that city,,ereby I don't know much about it.我从未去过那座城市,因此对它不怎么熟悉。
  • He became a British citizen,thereby gaining the right to vote.他成了英国公民,因而得到了投票权。
86 confiscated b8af45cb6ba964fa52504a6126c35855     
没收,充公( confiscate的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • Their land was confiscated after the war. 他们的土地在战后被没收。
  • The customs officer confiscated the smuggled goods. 海关官员没收了走私品。
87 revoked 80b785d265b6419ab99251d8f4340a1d     
adj.[法]取消的v.撤销,取消,废除( revoke的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • It may be revoked if the check is later dishonoured. 以后如支票被拒绝支付,结算可以撤销。 来自辞典例句
  • A will is revoked expressly. 遗嘱可以通过明示推翻。 来自辞典例句
88 offender ZmYzse     
n.冒犯者,违反者,犯罪者
参考例句:
  • They all sued out a pardon for an offender.他们请求法院赦免一名罪犯。
  • The authorities often know that sex offenders will attack again when they are released.当局一般都知道性犯罪者在获释后往往会再次犯案。
89 withdrawal Cfhwq     
n.取回,提款;撤退,撤军;收回,撤销
参考例句:
  • The police were forced to make a tactical withdrawal.警方被迫进行战术撤退。
  • They insisted upon a withdrawal of the statement and a public apology.他们坚持要收回那些话并公开道歉。
90 determined duszmP     
adj.坚定的;有决心的
参考例句:
  • I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
  • He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。
91 compulsory 5pVzu     
n.强制的,必修的;规定的,义务的
参考例句:
  • Is English a compulsory subject?英语是必修课吗?
  • Compulsory schooling ends at sixteen.义务教育至16岁为止。
92 bribe GW8zK     
n.贿赂;v.向…行贿,买通
参考例句:
  • He tried to bribe the policeman not to arrest him.他企图贿赂警察不逮捕他。
  • He resolutely refused their bribe.他坚决不接受他们的贿赂。
93 obstructs 2417bdaaf73a3f20b8586b2869692c21     
阻塞( obstruct的第三人称单数 ); 堵塞; 阻碍; 阻止
参考例句:
  • The cirrhotic process obstructs the intrahepatic portion of the portal venous system. 肝硬化使门脉系统的肝内部分受阻。
  • A device or means that obstructs, blocks, or plugs up. 堵塞的方法:阻碍,阻挠或堵塞的工具或途径。
94 solely FwGwe     
adv.仅仅,唯一地
参考例句:
  • Success should not be measured solely by educational achievement.成功与否不应只用学业成绩来衡量。
  • The town depends almost solely on the tourist trade.这座城市几乎完全靠旅游业维持。
95 synthetic zHtzY     
adj.合成的,人工的;综合的;n.人工制品
参考例句:
  • We felt the salesman's synthetic friendliness.我们感觉到那位销售员的虚情假意。
  • It's a synthetic diamond.这是人造钻石。
96 preservation glnzYU     
n.保护,维护,保存,保留,保持
参考例句:
  • The police are responsible for the preservation of law and order.警察负责维持法律与秩序。
  • The picture is in an excellent state of preservation.这幅画保存得极为完好。
97 nutrients 6a1e1ed248a3ac49744c39cc962fb607     
n.(食品或化学品)营养物,营养品( nutrient的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • a lack of essential nutrients 基本营养的缺乏
  • Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. 营养素被吸收进血液。 来自《简明英汉词典》
98 ceramics 0a6d841bb40f677207869b9f856b3b21     
n.制陶业;陶器
参考例句:
  • an exhibition of ceramics by Picasso 毕加索陶瓷作品展
  • The ceramics bore the imprint of Luca della Robbia. 陶器上印有卢卡·德拉·罗比亚的字样。
99 fibers 421d63991f1d1fc8826d6e71d5e15f53     
光纤( fiber的名词复数 ); (织物的)质地; 纤维,纤维物质
参考例句:
  • Thesolution of collagen-PVA was wet spined with the sodium sulfate as coagulant and collagen-PVA composite fibers were prepared. 在此基础上,以硫酸钠为凝固剂,对胶原-PVA共混溶液进行湿法纺丝,制备了胶原-PVA复合纤维。
  • Sympathetic fibers are distributed to all regions of the heart. 交感神经纤维分布于心脏的所有部分。
100 apparatus ivTzx     
n.装置,器械;器具,设备
参考例句:
  • The school's audio apparatus includes films and records.学校的视听设备包括放映机和录音机。
  • They had a very refined apparatus.他们有一套非常精良的设备。
101 machinery CAdxb     
n.(总称)机械,机器;机构
参考例句:
  • Has the machinery been put up ready for the broadcast?广播器材安装完毕了吗?
  • Machinery ought to be well maintained all the time.机器应该随时注意维护。
102 gathering ChmxZ     
n.集会,聚会,聚集
参考例句:
  • He called on Mr. White to speak at the gathering.他请怀特先生在集会上讲话。
  • He is on the wing gathering material for his novels.他正忙于为他的小说收集资料。
103 implemented a0211e5272f6fc75ac06e2d62558aff0     
v.实现( implement的过去式和过去分词 );执行;贯彻;使生效
参考例句:
  • This agreement, if not implemented, is a mere scrap of paper. 这个协定如不执行只不过是一纸空文。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
  • The economy is in danger of collapse unless far-reaching reforms are implemented. 如果不实施影响深远的改革,经济就面临崩溃的危险。 来自辞典例句
104 promulgation d84236859225737e91fa286907f9879f     
n.颁布
参考例句:
  • The new law comes into force from the day of its promulgation. 新法律自公布之日起生效。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Article 118 These Regulations shall come into effect from the day of their promulgation. 第一百一十八条本条例自公布之日起实施。 来自经济法规部分
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