国务院关于环境保护若干问题的决定
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国发(1996)31号
(August 3, 1996)
颁布日期:19960803  实施日期:19960803  颁布单位:国务院

  With a view to further carrying out the basic state policy of environmental protection, implementing1 the strategy of sustainable development, executing the Ninth-Five-Year Plan of the People's Republic of China on National Economy and Social Development and Outlines of Objectives in Perspective of the Year 2010, and realizing the environmental protection objectives of bringing the worsening tendency of environmental pollution and ecological2 deterioration3 under control and improving to certain extent environmental quality of some cities and regions by the year 2000, the following decision is hereby made:

  1. Specifying4 objectives and adopting procedures through which administrative5 officials shall be held responsible for environmental quality

  Discharge of pollutants7 should be subject to control of maximum quantity. A national and systemic maximum quantity index of major pollutants and a practice of regular publication thereof should be adopted in real earnest.

  By the year 2000, industrial pollution sources all over the country shall meet national or local standards on discharge of pollutants; different provinces, autonomous8 regions and municipalities directly under the central government should control maximum discharge of major pollutants under their respective jurisdiction9 within the maximum discharge quantity index laid down by the state. The worsening tendency of environmental pollution and ecological disruption could be generally brought under control. Municipalities directly under the central government, capital cities of provinces, cities within special economic zones, coastal10 open cities, and key tourist cities should all keep environmental air and environmental quality of surface water up to the corresponding national standards in terms of their functional11 categories. The Huaihe River and the Taihu Lake should have waters cleared. The Haihe River, the Liaohe River, the Dianchi Lake and the Chaohu Lake should have the quality of surface water markedly improved.

  Local people's governments at different levels should adopt a policy of administrative officials being held responsible for environmental quality under their jurisdiction. They should, according to the above-mentioned objectives, set local objectives and measures for control over discharge quantity of major pollutants and for improvement of environmental quality, and should submit them to people's governments at higher levels for the record.

  Local people's governments at different levels and leading officials thereof shall perform their duties of environmental protection according to law, and shall resolutely12 enforce environmental protection laws, regulations and policies. Environmental quality within jurisdiction should be an important item for evaluation13 of principal leading officials of government.

  People's governments at different levels should include environmental protection on their working agendas as an important item, regularly deliberate and solve in time issues concerning environmental protection and make such conducts compulsory14 practices.

  2. Stressing on key points and solving regional environmental problems in real earnest

  Local people's governments at different levels should resolutely enforce the law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, effectively strengthen the prevention and control of water pollution so as to ensure safety in industrial and agricultural production and people's daily use of water. Drinking water sources, which closely concerns people's livelihood15, shall be well protected as key points. Drinking water sources protective zones shall be delimited and placed under rigorous supervision16. The prevention and control of water pollution in valleys shall be strengthened. The system of maximum quantity control and the verification procedure for control over discharge of major pollutants shall be applied17, according to law, where attempts to control discharged water pollutants within prescribed standards still fail to meet national prescribed standards for water environment quality. Water pollution in rivers of Huaihe, Haihe, Liaohe, and lakes of Taihu, Chaohu and Dianchi shall be controlled as key points. The prevention and control on water pollution in other rivers, lakes, reservoirs and coastal waters shall also be strengthened.

  Local people's governments at different levels shall, according to the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric18 Pollution, do proper work to prevent and control air pollution, put stress on air pollution by fuel coal, and bring under control the worsening of pollution by sulphur dioxide and acid rain. The State Administration for Environmental Protection shall, as soon as possible and in consultation19 with relevant departments, put forward opinions on delimitation of acid rain control zones and sulphur dioxide pollution control zones and propose required objectives for their control, then submit them to the State Council for approval before their enforcement.

  People's governments of cities shall strengthen comprehensive control over city environment, put emphasis on control of waste water, waste gas, waste residue20 and noise pollution. During the Ninth-Five-Year Plan period, cities with a municipal government, particularly cities with more than 500,000 non-agricultural population, shall, through a variety of channels, raise and collect funds for the construction of sewage disposal facilities suited to city conditions so that water environmental pollution in cities could be alleviated21 in real earnest. Municipalities which are located in heating areas shall spread use of clean heating systems such as centralized heating, and may not establish new boiler22 rooms scattered23 around. Gas burning areas in cities shall be enlarged and raw coal shall be replaced. By the year 2000, large-and medium-sized cities shall have only sulphur-fixing shaped coal or other clean fuels used for urban residents' kitchen ranges. Priority shall be given to development of different forms of urban public transit24. Motor vehicles shall be encouraged to use clean fuels, and similar other measures shall be adopted so as to reduce air pollution by tail gas of vehicles. Large- and medium-sized cities shall, step by step, expand using of bags for urban residential25 refuse that shall then be sorted out, collected, stored, removed, and processed for harmless conversion26. Rigorous measures shall be taken to control environmental noise pollution so as to reduce its disturbance27 to citizens.

  Local people's governments at different levels shall, according to relevant regulations of the State Council, take effective measures to strengthen environmental management in countryside and township enterprises. The governments shall make comprehensive designing for reasonable layouts, offer instructions in light of special situations, and develop low-pollution or non-pollution industries that are suited to localities, and combined with overall countryside and township development. The construction of countryside and township enterprises shall be relatively28 concentrated so that their ability to dispose of pollution could be markedly raised and the worsening of environmental pollution and ecological deterioration caused by countryside and township enterprises could be thoroughly29 reversed. The State Administration for Environmental Protection shall be instructed to closely attend to formulating30, in consultation with the Ministry31 of Agriculture, the State Planning Commission, and the State Economic and Trade Commission, detailed32 rules on strengthening the environmental protection work of countryside and township enterprises.

  3. Making strict checks and resolutely controlling new pollution


  All large-, medium- or small-sized construction projects, expanded construction projects or reconstruction33 projects, and all technological34 renovation35 engineering (hereinafter referred to as construction projects for short) shall start from a raised technological level, adopt clean productive technology with low energy consumption, low materials consumption and low pollutants discharge quantity, and shall be strictly36 prohibited from using equipment or technology precisely37 banned by the state. Construction projects that influence on environment shall, in strict accordance with the law, conform with the environmental impact assessment38 provisions and the “three-stage simultaneous” requirement, according to which environmental protection facilities shall be designed, constructed and put into production simultaneously39 with main construction structures. Total construction investments should contain capital for construction of environmental protection facilities. Construction projects after being completed and put into production or use shall steadily40 attain41 the standards on discharge of pollutants prescribed by the state or localities. Environmental capacity shall be an important criterion for environmental impact assessment of construction projects. Where pollution is serious, new construction projects shall be supposed to offset42 old ones in calculating environmental capacity so as to ensure a decrease of total quantity of pollutants discharge.

  When a construction project is found to fail to meet environmental protection standards at the stage of examination for approval or at the stage of acceptance after completion, the administrative department in charge of environmental protection may not grant approval to the environmental impact statement of the construction project or the acceptance report on environmental protection facilities. Other relevant approval departments may not approve its construction or use in production. The interested bank may not release loans. The administrative departments in charge of environmental protection at different levels shall exercise rigorous environmental protection management of construction projects and strictly conduct daily monitoring, and shall take overall responsibility for examination and approval of environmental impact assessment of construction projects and for acceptance of environmental protection facilities according to the “three-stage simultaneous” requirement. Departments in charge of planning, economy and trade, construction, industry and commerce, and land administration at different levels and other relevant departments shall, within the scope of their respective responsibility, conduct rigorous checks at the stage of examination for approval, registration43, planning, review of land use, design and acceptance of construction projects. Leading officials of local people's governments at different levels may not arbitrarily approve construction projects without prior environmental impact assessment by violating relevant state laws and regulations regarding environmental protection of construction projects. In case of violation44, the approval organ and persons who have conducted the examination and granted approval shall be investigated for responsibility.

  Administrative supervisory departments shall, according to their duties and relevant provisions, strengthen the supervision over enforcement of environmental protection laws and regulations by the governments, environmental protection departments and other relevant departments, and shall put forward supervisory comments on disposal of problems they discovered.

  Ever from the date of promulgation45 of the present Decision, for any construction project which has already been arbitrarily started or put in production or use without going through the procedure of environmental impact assessment, the administrative department of environmental protection at or above the county level shall put forward suggestions on handling the case, and submit them to the people's government at or above the county level, who may then accordingly order suspension of the construction project or stop using it in production. For any construction project which has been accepted after inspection46 but fails to steadily keep to national or local standards on discharge of pollutants after being put in production or use, the administrative department of environmental protection at or above the county level shall order it to stop the discharge of pollutants in excess of prescribed standards and at the same time report the case to the people's government at or above the county level for an order to suspend production for rectification47.

  4. Prescribing a time limit for reaching standards and facilitating control over old pollution

  Ever from the date of promulgation of the present Decision, for any unit that discharges pollutants in excess of prescribed standards, local people's governments at or above the county level or the administrative departments of environmental protection authorized48 thereby49 shall order the unit to control the situation within a prescribed time limit ranging from one to three years depending on circumstances. Those units that fail to control the situation within the prescribed time limit shall be ordered by the people's government at or above the county level to close down, suspend production or convert to other line of production. The State Administration for Environmental Protection, the State Planning Commission and the State Economic and Trade Commission shall give instructions to and exercise supervision and check over major projects to be rectified50 within a prescribed time limit.

  Units discharging pollutants shall ensure the normal operation of environmental protection facilities. In case that environmental protection facilities are, without authorization51 by the administrative department of environmental protection, arbitrarily stopped working or left unused resulting in discharge of pollutants in excess of standards, the administrative department of environmental protection shall order a resumption of their normal operation and impose punishment according to law.

  By the date of September 30, 1996, the people's governments at or above the county level shall ban the following factories, plants and enterprises: all papermaking factories with annual output of less than 5,000 tons paper; leather processing plants with annual output of less than 30,000 pieces of ox hide; dyestuff making plants with annual output of less than 500 tons; and all enterprises that coke or refine sulphur through backward approaches known as “pits”, “Pingxiang Style”, “High Pot” and “Open Air Style”。 Local people's governments at or above the county level shall order the following enterprises to close down or stop production within the above-mentioned time limit: plants that are using indigenous52 methods to refine arsenic53, mercury, or smelt54 lead, zinc55, or extract oil, or pan gold, or to make agricultural chemicals, bleach56 and dye, make electroplates, or make asbestos products or radioactive products. In case such enterprises have not been banned, or do not close down or stop production within the prescribed time limit, concerned principal leading officials of local people's governments and enterprise managers shall be investigated for legal liability.

  5. Taking effective measures to prohibit from transfer of pollutant6 wastes

  According to the provisions of the Basel Convention on Control over the Transfer and Disposal of Dangerous Wastes cross Boundaries, our country forbids transfer of foreign dangerous wastes into our territory. Departments at different levels in charge of environmental protection, foreign economic cooperation and trade, and customs, etc., shall, according to the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Wastes and other relevant provisions, make rigorous check upon importation and persistently57 forbid transfer of external dangerous wastes and residential refuse into our country. If importation of other wastes as raw materials is really necessary, such importation shall conform to the state provisions and shall be subject to prior examination and approval. Any unit or individual who, in violation of the state provisions, arbitrarily approves, lets pass or conducts without authorization importation of wastes shall be severely58 punished according to law. In case domestic wastes need to be transferred for disposal to another province, autonomous region or municipality, the transfer shall be subject to approval of the administrative departments at the provincial59 level of both the original place and the destination place. Incase solid radioactive wastes need transfer for disposal to anther province, autonomous region or municipality, the transfer shall be subject to approval of the State Administration for Environmental Protection.

  6. Preserving ecological balance, and protecting and rationally exploiting natural resources

  Local people's governments at different levels shall effectively strengthen the protection of natural resources such as fresh water, land, forest, grassland60, minerals, the sea, animals and plants and climate and the protection of national ecological environment. On condition that ecological balance is maintained, those resources can be exploited and utilized61 in a rational way. Development of ecological agriculture shall be encouraged. Pollution of farmland and water resources by pesticides62, fertilizers and farm plastic films shall brought under control. Reclamation63 of waste land and control over ecological environment within mining areas shall be strengthened. Vigorous effort shall be made to carryout tree planting and afforestation. Indiscriminate and excessive felling of trees shall be restrained. The forest-covered area shall be enlarged through efforts. Comprehensive control over soil erosion shall be facilitated. Vegetation Of grassland shall be restored and developed. Overgrazing shall be prevented. Shrubs64, medicinal herbs or other sand-fixation plants growing in grassland or desertized areas shall be protected from felling or digging. Technology for prevention and fixation of sand shall be actively65 applied so as to protect land from further desertization.

  Biological diversity shall be actively protected. Nature reserves, historic sites and scenic66 spots, city gardens and green land shall be developed and strictly placed under protection and management. All illegal exploitation and construction activities within nature reserves or historic sites and scenic spots which damage natural resources and environment shall be firmly banned.

  Arrangements for early warning of and emergency measures against pollution accidents and calamities67 shall be strengthened so as to reduce their influence upon ecological environment and loss of people's lives and property.

  7. Perfecting economic policies on environment and effectively increasing investment in environmental protection

  According to the principle “whoever pollutes, exploits, develops or damages the environment shall be respectively responsible for payment for discharging pollutants, compensation, protection and restoration”, the relevant departments of the State Council shall, in terms of infrastructure68 construction, technical renovation, comprehensive utilization69, finance and taxation70banking71 and credit, and absorption of foreign investment, closely attend to formulating and improving economic policies and measures for promoting environmental protection, preventing environmental pollution and control of ecological damaging. When important decisions on economic construction and social development are made such as designing of regional development or resources exploitation, programming of city development or trade progress and restructuring of industry or productivity layout, overall consideration shall be given to economic, social and environmental efficiency, and environmental assessment shall be made. All provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government shall comply with the guideline that economic construction, rural and urban construction and environmental construction shall be simultaneously designed, conducted and progressed. Investment in environmental protection shall be substantially increased. The proportion of investment in environmental pollution prevention and control in total GNP in a locality over the period shall be raised gradually. A corresponding test and check system shall also be established.

  The relevant departments of the State Council shall as soon as possible formulate72 policies imposing73 restrictions74 upon production, import and application of carbon-fluoride-chloride, ha long and lead-contained gasoline, and establish and perfect a reimbursement75 mechanism76 for non-gratuitous exploitation of natural resources and restoration of ecological environment. Current standards for pollutant discharge fees shall be raised according to the principle of “pollutant discharge fees being higher than cost on pollution control” so that pollutant discharging units could be urged to take vigorous measures for control of pollution. Collection, use and management of pollutant discharge fees shall be strengthened. The administrative departments in charge of environmental protection and local people's governments at different levels shall collect pollutant discharge fees in full. Fees so collected and income from confiscation77 and pecuniary78 penalties shall be managed along separate lines of receipts and payments, shall be used according to provisions and may not be embezzled79 for other use or detained. Cities which have installed centralized facilities for disposal of sewage may levy80 sewage disposal fees upon those who discharge sewage.

  8. Rigorously enforcing environmental protection laws and strengthening supervision and management of environment

  The administrative departments in charge of environmental protection at different levels shall perform in real earnest their duty of unified81 supervision and management of environmental protection, strengthen the development of environmental supervision and law enforcement personnel, reinforce the enforcement of environmental protection laws, perfect procedures governing law enforcement and improve skills in law enforcement. People's governments at or above the county level shall set up environmental protection supervisory institutions, which shall independently perform the duty of unified supervision and management of environmental protection. Appointment and removal of leading officials of local administrative departments of environmental protection at different levels shall be subject to opinions of the administrative departments of environmental protection at higher levels.

  The relevant departments of people's governments at or above the county level shall, according to the relevant provisions of law, exercise the supervision and management over prevention and control of environmental pollution and resources protection.

  A legislative82 framework and management system regarding environmental protection shall be improved further. Administrative enforcement of environmental protection laws shall be subjected to frequent checks. Whenever law is not observed, strictly enforced or violation of law is not punished, or in case law is subordinated by words or power, criminal sentence is replaced by administrative sanction, etc., such cases shall all be investigated for punishment. If a crime is constituted, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law.

  9. Vigorously conducting environmental scientific research and developing environmental protection industries

  The state, localities and relevant departments shall give priority to environmental protection scientific research and technological development projects when making medium- or long-term plans or annual programmes on science and technology development. Major environmental scientific research subjects such as saving of energy, reduction of consumption, clean production, prevention and control of pollution, biological diversity and ecological protection, etc., shall be studied as key ones. New and High technology and pragmatic technology shall be applied actively. Researches on basic environmental sciences, environmental standards and monitoring techniques shall be strengthened. Application of scientific and technological achievements shall be spread vigorously.

  The Circular of the General Office of the State Council on Transmitting Suggestions of the State Council Environmental Protection Commission on Actively Developing Environmental Protection Industries (promulgated83 by Guobanfa No.(1990)64), shall be carried out in real earnest. Encouraging and preferential policies shall be drafted in order to substantially develop environmental protection industries. Quality of environmental protection products and environmental projects and technology involved shall be advanced. Enterprises producing environmental protection products with advanced, stable performance and high efficiency shall enjoy priority in terms of fixed84 assets investment so that environmental protection industries could be pushed to certain scope.

  10. Strengthening publicity85 and education and improving environmental consciousness of the whole people

  Environmental protection concerns the existence and progress of the whole nation. To protect environment is to protect productive forces in nature. All localities and departments shall enhance their awareness86 of the significance of environmental protection, further strengthen environmental publicity and education, widely disseminate87 and popularize knowledge of environmental sciences and relevant laws and regulations and effectively reinforce environmental consciousness and related sense of legality of the whole nation.

  All localities and departments shall include environmental protection laws as an important content in training of cadres and staff members and improve the consciousness of cadres at different levels and the people for observance of environmental protection laws and regulations. Higher, middle and primary schools shall develop environmental education. A mechanism for public involvement shall be established. Social organizations shall be given play to their role. The public shall be encouraged to involve in environmental protection and to charge against or disclose any kind of illegal activities of violating environmental protection laws and regulations.

  Mass media such as newspaper, broadcasting and television shall in due course report and praise advanced or model units or individuals of environmental protection and openly disclose and criticize illegal activities of polluting and damaging ecological environment. The press shall play the role of supervision and monitoring and shall expose to the public any unit or individual who has seriously polluted or damaged ecological environment.

  All localities and departments, when attending relevant international events, shall conscientiously88 observe and publicize our government's principle stand on the global environmental problem, and safeguard rights and interests of our country and other developing countries.

  The State Council shall instruct the State Administration for Environmental Protection to supervise and inspect the implementation89 of the present Decision in consultation with the Ministry of Supervision and other relevant departments and submit a report to the State Council.



点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 implementing be68540dfa000a0fb38be40d32259215     
v.实现( implement的现在分词 );执行;贯彻;使生效
参考例句:
  • -- Implementing a comprehensive drug control strategy. ――实行综合治理的禁毒战略。 来自汉英非文学 - 白皮书
  • He was in no hurry about implementing his unshakable principle. 他并不急于实行他那不可动摇的原则。 来自辞典例句
2 ecological IrRxX     
adj.生态的,生态学的
参考例句:
  • The region has been declared an ecological disaster zone.这个地区已经宣布为生态灾难区。
  • Each animal has its ecological niche.每种动物都有自己的生态位.
3 deterioration yvvxj     
n.退化;恶化;变坏
参考例句:
  • Mental and physical deterioration both occur naturally with age. 随着年龄的增长,心智和体力自然衰退。
  • The car's bodywork was already showing signs of deterioration. 这辆车的车身已经显示出了劣化迹象。
4 specifying ca4cf95d0de82d4463dfea22d3f8c836     
v.指定( specify的现在分词 );详述;提出…的条件;使具有特性
参考例句:
  • When we describe what the action will affect, we are specifying the noun of the sentence. 当描述动作会影响到什么时,我们指定组成句子的名词。 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓
  • Procurement section only lists opportunistic infection drugs without specifying which drugs. 采购部分只说明有治疗机会性感染的药物,但并没有说明是什么药物。 来自互联网
5 administrative fzDzkc     
adj.行政的,管理的
参考例句:
  • The administrative burden must be lifted from local government.必须解除地方政府的行政负担。
  • He regarded all these administrative details as beneath his notice.他认为行政管理上的这些琐事都不值一顾。
6 pollutant N1Zzy     
n.污染物质,散布污染物质者
参考例句:
  • Coal itself is a heavy pollutant.煤本身就是一种严重的污染物。
  • Carbon dioxide may not be a typical air pollutant.二氧化碳可能不是一种典型的污染物。
7 pollutants 694861490fe64672170a0da250a277c7     
污染物质(尤指工业废物)( pollutant的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Pollutants are constantly being released into the atmosphere. 污染物质正在不断地被排放到大气中去。
  • The 1987 Amendments limit 301(g) discharges to a few well-studied nonconventional pollutants. 1987年的修正案把第301条(g)的普通排放限制施加在一些认真研究过的几种非常规污染物上。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法
8 autonomous DPyyv     
adj.自治的;独立的
参考例句:
  • They proudly declared themselves part of a new autonomous province.他们自豪地宣布成为新自治省的一部分。
  • This is a matter that comes within the jurisdiction of the autonomous region.这件事是属于自治区权限以内的事务。
9 jurisdiction La8zP     
n.司法权,审判权,管辖权,控制权
参考例句:
  • It doesn't lie within my jurisdiction to set you free.我无权将你释放。
  • Changzhou is under the jurisdiction of Jiangsu Province.常州隶属江苏省。
10 coastal WWiyh     
adj.海岸的,沿海的,沿岸的
参考例句:
  • The ocean waves are slowly eating away the coastal rocks.大海的波浪慢慢地侵蚀着岸边的岩石。
  • This country will fortify the coastal areas.该国将加强沿海地区的防御。
11 functional 5hMxa     
adj.为实用而设计的,具备功能的,起作用的
参考例句:
  • The telephone was out of order,but is functional now.电话刚才坏了,但现在可以用了。
  • The furniture is not fancy,just functional.这些家具不是摆着好看的,只是为了实用。
12 resolutely WW2xh     
adj.坚决地,果断地
参考例句:
  • He resolutely adhered to what he had said at the meeting. 他坚持他在会上所说的话。
  • He grumbles at his lot instead of resolutely facing his difficulties. 他不是果敢地去面对困难,而是抱怨自己运气不佳。
13 evaluation onFxd     
n.估价,评价;赋值
参考例句:
  • I attempted an honest evaluation of my own life.我试图如实地评价我自己的一生。
  • The new scheme is still under evaluation.新方案还在评估阶段。
14 compulsory 5pVzu     
n.强制的,必修的;规定的,义务的
参考例句:
  • Is English a compulsory subject?英语是必修课吗?
  • Compulsory schooling ends at sixteen.义务教育至16岁为止。
15 livelihood sppzWF     
n.生计,谋生之道
参考例句:
  • Appropriate arrangements will be made for their work and livelihood.他们的工作和生活会得到妥善安排。
  • My father gained a bare livelihood of family by his own hands.父亲靠自己的双手勉强维持家计。
16 supervision hr6wv     
n.监督,管理
参考例句:
  • The work was done under my supervision.这项工作是在我的监督之下完成的。
  • The old man's will was executed under the personal supervision of the lawyer.老人的遗嘱是在律师的亲自监督下执行的。
17 applied Tz2zXA     
adj.应用的;v.应用,适用
参考例句:
  • She plans to take a course in applied linguistics.她打算学习应用语言学课程。
  • This cream is best applied to the face at night.这种乳霜最好晚上擦脸用。
18 atmospheric 6eayR     
adj.大气的,空气的;大气层的;大气所引起的
参考例句:
  • Sea surface temperatures and atmospheric circulation are strongly coupled.海洋表面温度与大气环流是密切相关的。
  • Clouds return radiant energy to the surface primarily via the atmospheric window.云主要通过大气窗区向地表辐射能量。
19 consultation VZAyq     
n.咨询;商量;商议;会议
参考例句:
  • The company has promised wide consultation on its expansion plans.该公司允诺就其扩展计划广泛征求意见。
  • The scheme was developed in close consultation with the local community.该计划是在同当地社区密切磋商中逐渐形成的。
20 residue 6B0z1     
n.残余,剩余,残渣
参考例句:
  • Mary scraped the residue of food from the plates before putting them under water.玛丽在把盘子放入水之前先刮去上面的食物残渣。
  • Pesticide persistence beyond the critical period for control leads to residue problems.农药一旦超过控制的临界期,就会导致残留问题。
21 alleviated a4745257ebd55707de96128297f486e1     
减轻,缓解,缓和( alleviate的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • It is always completely alleviated by total gastrectomy. 全胃切除永远完全缓解症状。
  • Toxicity problem in manufacturing and storage might be alleviated by coating beryllium with aluminum. 但如果用铝包覆铍,则可避免加工过程中及储存期间的中毒问题。
22 boiler OtNzI     
n.锅炉;煮器(壶,锅等)
参考例句:
  • That boiler will not hold up under pressure.那种锅炉受不住压力。
  • This new boiler generates more heat than the old one.这个新锅炉产生的热量比旧锅炉多。
23 scattered 7jgzKF     
adj.分散的,稀疏的;散步的;疏疏落落的
参考例句:
  • Gathering up his scattered papers,he pushed them into his case.他把散乱的文件收拾起来,塞进文件夹里。
24 transit MglzVT     
n.经过,运输;vt.穿越,旋转;vi.越过
参考例句:
  • His luggage was lost in transit.他的行李在运送中丢失。
  • The canal can transit a total of 50 ships daily.这条运河每天能通过50条船。
25 residential kkrzY3     
adj.提供住宿的;居住的;住宅的
参考例句:
  • The mayor inspected the residential section of the city.市长视察了该市的住宅区。
  • The residential blocks were integrated with the rest of the college.住宿区与学院其他部分结合在了一起。
26 conversion UZPyI     
n.转化,转换,转变
参考例句:
  • He underwent quite a conversion.他彻底变了。
  • Waste conversion is a part of the production process.废物处理是生产过程的一个组成部分。
27 disturbance BsNxk     
n.动乱,骚动;打扰,干扰;(身心)失调
参考例句:
  • He is suffering an emotional disturbance.他的情绪受到了困扰。
  • You can work in here without any disturbance.在这儿你可不受任何干扰地工作。
28 relatively bkqzS3     
adv.比较...地,相对地
参考例句:
  • The rabbit is a relatively recent introduction in Australia.兔子是相对较新引入澳大利亚的物种。
  • The operation was relatively painless.手术相对来说不痛。
29 thoroughly sgmz0J     
adv.完全地,彻底地,十足地
参考例句:
  • The soil must be thoroughly turned over before planting.一定要先把土地深翻一遍再下种。
  • The soldiers have been thoroughly instructed in the care of their weapons.士兵们都系统地接受过保护武器的训练。
30 formulating 40080ab94db46e5c26ccf0e5aa91868a     
v.构想出( formulate的现在分词 );规划;确切地阐述;用公式表示
参考例句:
  • At present, the Chinese government is formulating nationwide regulations on the control of such chemicals. 目前,中国政府正在制定全国性的易制毒化学品管理条例。 来自汉英非文学 - 白皮书
  • Because of this, the U.S. has taken further steps in formulating the \"Magellan\" programme. 为此,美国又进一步制定了“麦哲伦”计划。 来自百科语句
31 ministry kD5x2     
n.(政府的)部;牧师
参考例句:
  • They sent a deputation to the ministry to complain.他们派了一个代表团到部里投诉。
  • We probed the Air Ministry statements.我们调查了空军部的记录。
32 detailed xuNzms     
adj.详细的,详尽的,极注意细节的,完全的
参考例句:
  • He had made a detailed study of the terrain.他对地形作了缜密的研究。
  • A detailed list of our publications is available on request.我们的出版物有一份详细的目录备索。
33 reconstruction 3U6xb     
n.重建,再现,复原
参考例句:
  • The country faces a huge task of national reconstruction following the war.战后,该国面临着重建家园的艰巨任务。
  • In the period of reconstruction,technique decides everything.在重建时期,技术决定一切。
34 technological gqiwY     
adj.技术的;工艺的
参考例句:
  • A successful company must keep up with the pace of technological change.一家成功的公司必须得跟上技术变革的步伐。
  • Today,the pace of life is increasing with technological advancements.当今, 随着科技进步,生活节奏不断增快。
35 renovation xVAxF     
n.革新,整修
参考例句:
  • The cinema will reopen next week after the renovation.电影院修缮后,将于下星期开业。
  • The building has undergone major renovation.这座大楼已进行大整修。
36 strictly GtNwe     
adv.严厉地,严格地;严密地
参考例句:
  • His doctor is dieting him strictly.他的医生严格规定他的饮食。
  • The guests were seated strictly in order of precedence.客人严格按照地位高低就座。
37 precisely zlWzUb     
adv.恰好,正好,精确地,细致地
参考例句:
  • It's precisely that sort of slick sales-talk that I mistrust.我不相信的正是那种油腔滑调的推销宣传。
  • The man adjusted very precisely.那个人调得很准。
38 assessment vO7yu     
n.评价;评估;对财产的估价,被估定的金额
参考例句:
  • This is a very perceptive assessment of the situation.这是一个对该情况的极富洞察力的评价。
  • What is your assessment of the situation?你对时局的看法如何?
39 simultaneously 4iBz1o     
adv.同时发生地,同时进行地
参考例句:
  • The radar beam can track a number of targets almost simultaneously.雷达波几乎可以同时追着多个目标。
  • The Windows allow a computer user to execute multiple programs simultaneously.Windows允许计算机用户同时运行多个程序。
40 steadily Qukw6     
adv.稳定地;不变地;持续地
参考例句:
  • The scope of man's use of natural resources will steadily grow.人类利用自然资源的广度将日益扩大。
  • Our educational reform was steadily led onto the correct path.我们的教学改革慢慢上轨道了。
41 attain HvYzX     
vt.达到,获得,完成
参考例句:
  • I used the scientific method to attain this end. 我用科学的方法来达到这一目的。
  • His painstaking to attain his goal in life is praiseworthy. 他为实现人生目标所下的苦功是值得称赞的。
42 offset mIZx8     
n.分支,补偿;v.抵消,补偿
参考例句:
  • Their wage increases would be offset by higher prices.他们增加的工资会被物价上涨所抵消。
  • He put up his prices to offset the increased cost of materials.他提高了售价以补偿材料成本的增加。
43 registration ASKzO     
n.登记,注册,挂号
参考例句:
  • Marriage without registration is not recognized by law.法律不承认未登记的婚姻。
  • What's your registration number?你挂的是几号?
44 violation lLBzJ     
n.违反(行为),违背(行为),侵犯
参考例句:
  • He roared that was a violation of the rules.他大声说,那是违反规则的。
  • He was fined 200 dollars for violation of traffic regulation.他因违反交通规则被罚款200美元。
45 promulgation d84236859225737e91fa286907f9879f     
n.颁布
参考例句:
  • The new law comes into force from the day of its promulgation. 新法律自公布之日起生效。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Article 118 These Regulations shall come into effect from the day of their promulgation. 第一百一十八条本条例自公布之日起实施。 来自经济法规部分
46 inspection y6TxG     
n.检查,审查,检阅
参考例句:
  • On random inspection the meat was found to be bad.经抽查,发现肉变质了。
  • The soldiers lined up for their daily inspection by their officers.士兵们列队接受军官的日常检阅。
47 rectification NUwx3     
n. 改正, 改订, 矫正
参考例句:
  • The process of producing a shift of the average value is called rectification. 产生平均值移动的过程叫做整流。
  • This effect, in analogy to its radiofrequency counterpart, is known as optical rectification. 同它的射频对应物相仿,这种现象称为光学整流。
48 authorized jyLzgx     
a.委任的,许可的
参考例句:
  • An administrative order is valid if authorized by a statute.如果一个行政命令得到一个法规的认可那么这个命令就是有效的。
49 thereby Sokwv     
adv.因此,从而
参考例句:
  • I have never been to that city,,ereby I don't know much about it.我从未去过那座城市,因此对它不怎么熟悉。
  • He became a British citizen,thereby gaining the right to vote.他成了英国公民,因而得到了投票权。
50 rectified 8714cd0fa53a5376ba66b0406599eb20     
[医]矫正的,调整的
参考例句:
  • I am hopeful this misunderstanding will be rectified very quickly. 我相信这个误会将很快得到纠正。
  • That mistake could have been rectified within 28 days. 那个错误原本可以在28天内得以纠正。
51 authorization wOxyV     
n.授权,委任状
参考例句:
  • Anglers are required to obtain prior authorization from the park keeper.垂钓者必须事先得到公园管理者的许可。
  • You cannot take a day off without authorization.未经批准你不得休假。
52 indigenous YbBzt     
adj.土产的,土生土长的,本地的
参考例句:
  • Each country has its own indigenous cultural tradition.每个国家都有自己本土的文化传统。
  • Indians were the indigenous inhabitants of America.印第安人是美洲的土著居民。
53 arsenic 2vSz4     
n.砒霜,砷;adj.砷的
参考例句:
  • His wife poisoned him with arsenic.他的妻子用砒霜把他毒死了。
  • Arsenic is a poison.砒霜是毒药。
54 smelt tiuzKF     
v.熔解,熔炼;n.银白鱼,胡瓜鱼
参考例句:
  • Tin is a comparatively easy metal to smelt.锡是比较容易熔化的金属。
  • Darby was looking for a way to improve iron when he hit upon the idea of smelting it with coke instead of charcoal.达比一直在寻找改善铁质的方法,他猛然想到可以不用木炭熔炼,而改用焦炭。
55 zinc DfxwX     
n.锌;vt.在...上镀锌
参考例句:
  • Brass is formed by the fusion of copper and zinc.黄铜是通过铜和锌的熔合而成的。
  • Zinc is used to protect other metals from corrosion.锌被用来保护其他金属不受腐蚀。
56 bleach Rtpz6     
vt.使漂白;vi.变白;n.漂白剂
参考例句:
  • These products don't bleach the hair.这些产品不会使头发变白。
  • Did you bleach this tablecloth?你把这块桌布漂白了吗?
57 persistently MlzztP     
ad.坚持地;固执地
参考例句:
  • He persistently asserted his right to a share in the heritage. 他始终声称他有分享那笔遗产的权利。
  • She persistently asserted her opinions. 她果断地说出了自己的意见。
58 severely SiCzmk     
adv.严格地;严厉地;非常恶劣地
参考例句:
  • He was severely criticized and removed from his post.他受到了严厉的批评并且被撤了职。
  • He is severely put down for his careless work.他因工作上的粗心大意而受到了严厉的批评。
59 provincial Nt8ye     
adj.省的,地方的;n.外省人,乡下人
参考例句:
  • City dwellers think country folk have provincial attitudes.城里人以为乡下人思想迂腐。
  • Two leading cadres came down from the provincial capital yesterday.昨天从省里下来了两位领导干部。
60 grassland 0fCxG     
n.牧场,草地,草原
参考例句:
  • There is a reach of grassland in the distance.远处是连绵一片的草原。
  • The snowstorm swept the vast expanse of grassland.暴风雪袭击了辽阔的草原。
61 utilized a24badb66c4d7870fd211f2511461fff     
v.利用,使用( utilize的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • In the19th century waterpower was widely utilized to generate electricity. 在19世纪人们大规模使用水力来发电。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The empty building can be utilized for city storage. 可以利用那栋空建筑物作城市的仓库。 来自《简明英汉词典》
62 pesticides abb0488ed6905584ea91347395a890e8     
n.杀虫剂( pesticide的名词复数 );除害药物
参考例句:
  • vegetables grown without the use of pesticides 未用杀虫剂种植的蔬菜
  • There is a lot of concern over the amount of herbicides and pesticides used in farming. 人们对农业上灭草剂和杀虫剂的用量非常担忧。 来自《简明英汉词典》
63 reclamation MkNzIa     
n.开垦;改造;(废料等的)回收
参考例句:
  • We should encourage reclamation and recycling.我们应当鼓励废物的回收和利用。
  • The area is needed for a land reclamation project.一个土地开垦项目要在这一地区进行。
64 shrubs b480276f8eea44e011d42320b17c3619     
灌木( shrub的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • The gardener spent a complete morning in trimming those two shrubs. 园丁花了整个上午的时间修剪那两处灌木林。
  • These shrubs will need more light to produce flowering shoots. 这些灌木需要更多的光照才能抽出开花的新枝。
65 actively lzezni     
adv.积极地,勤奋地
参考例句:
  • During this period all the students were actively participating.在这节课中所有的学生都积极参加。
  • We are actively intervening to settle a quarrel.我们正在积极调解争执。
66 scenic aDbyP     
adj.自然景色的,景色优美的
参考例句:
  • The scenic beauty of the place entranced the visitors.这里的美丽风光把游客们迷住了。
  • The scenic spot is on northwestern outskirts of Beijing.这个风景区位于北京的西北远郊。
67 calamities 16254f2ca47292404778d1804949fef6     
n.灾祸,灾难( calamity的名词复数 );不幸之事
参考例句:
  • They will only triumph by persevering in their struggle against natural calamities. 他们只有坚持与自然灾害搏斗,才能取得胜利。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
  • One moment's false security can bring a century of calamities. 图一时之苟安,贻百年之大患。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
68 infrastructure UbBz5     
n.下部构造,下部组织,基础结构,基础设施
参考例句:
  • We should step up the development of infrastructure for research.加强科学基础设施建设。
  • We should strengthen cultural infrastructure and boost various types of popular culture.加强文化基础设施建设,发展各类群众文化。
69 utilization Of0zMC     
n.利用,效用
参考例句:
  • Computer has found an increasingly wide utilization in all fields.电子计算机已越来越广泛地在各个领域得到应用。
  • Modern forms of agricultural utilization,have completely refuted this assumption.现代农业利用形式,完全驳倒了这种想象。
70 taxation tqVwP     
n.征税,税收,税金
参考例句:
  • He made a number of simplifications in the taxation system.他在税制上作了一些简化。
  • The increase of taxation is an important fiscal policy.增税是一项重要的财政政策。
71 banking aySz20     
n.银行业,银行学,金融业
参考例句:
  • John is launching his son on a career in banking.约翰打算让儿子在银行界谋一个新职位。
  • He possesses an extensive knowledge of banking.他具有广博的银行业务知识。
72 formulate L66yt     
v.用公式表示;规划;设计;系统地阐述
参考例句:
  • He took care to formulate his reply very clearly.他字斟句酌,清楚地做了回答。
  • I was impressed by the way he could formulate his ideas.他陈述观点的方式让我印象深刻。
73 imposing 8q9zcB     
adj.使人难忘的,壮丽的,堂皇的,雄伟的
参考例句:
  • The fortress is an imposing building.这座城堡是一座宏伟的建筑。
  • He has lost his imposing appearance.他已失去堂堂仪表。
74 restrictions 81e12dac658cfd4c590486dd6f7523cf     
约束( restriction的名词复数 ); 管制; 制约因素; 带限制性的条件(或规则)
参考例句:
  • I found the restrictions irksome. 我对那些限制感到很烦。
  • a snaggle of restrictions 杂乱无章的种种限制
75 reimbursement lkpzR4     
n.偿还,退还
参考例句:
  • He received reimbursement for his travel expenses.由于出差的花费他可以得到公司的补偿。
  • Which forms do I need to complete for my travel reimbursement?我需要填什么表来报我的旅费?
76 mechanism zCWxr     
n.机械装置;机构,结构
参考例句:
  • The bones and muscles are parts of the mechanism of the body.骨骼和肌肉是人体的组成部件。
  • The mechanism of the machine is very complicated.这台机器的结构是非常复杂的。
77 confiscation confiscation     
n. 没收, 充公, 征收
参考例句:
  • Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels. 没收一切流亡分子和叛乱分子的财产。 来自英汉非文学 - 共产党宣言
  • Confiscation of smuggled property is part of the penalty for certain offences. 没收走私财产是对某些犯罪予以惩罚的一部分。
78 pecuniary Vixyo     
adj.金钱的;金钱上的
参考例句:
  • She denies obtaining a pecuniary advantage by deception.她否认通过欺骗手段获得经济利益。
  • She is so independent that she refused all pecuniary aid.她很独立,所以拒绝一切金钱上的资助。
79 embezzled 16c2ea97026b0c3b4eec1ddcbd695fab     
v.贪污,盗用(公款)( embezzle的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • The clerk embezzled a thousand pounds from the bank where he worked. 那个职员在他工作的银行里贪污了一千英镑。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The cashier embezzled $ 50,000 from the bank. 出纳员盗用了银行5万美元。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
80 levy Z9fzR     
n.征收税或其他款项,征收额
参考例句:
  • They levy a tax on him.他们向他征税。
  • A direct food levy was imposed by the local government.地方政府征收了食品税。
81 unified 40b03ccf3c2da88cc503272d1de3441c     
(unify 的过去式和过去分词); 统一的; 统一标准的; 一元化的
参考例句:
  • The teacher unified the answer of her pupil with hers. 老师核对了学生的答案。
  • The First Emperor of Qin unified China in 221 B.C. 秦始皇于公元前221年统一中国。
82 legislative K9hzG     
n.立法机构,立法权;adj.立法的,有立法权的
参考例句:
  • Congress is the legislative branch of the U.S. government.国会是美国政府的立法部门。
  • Today's hearing was just the first step in the legislative process.今天的听证会只是展开立法程序的第一步。
83 promulgated a4e9ce715ee72e022795b8072a6e618f     
v.宣扬(某事物)( promulgate的过去式和过去分词 );传播;公布;颁布(法令、新法律等)
参考例句:
  • Hence China has promulgated more than 30 relevant laws, statutes and regulations. 中国为此颁布的法律、法规和规章多达30余项。 来自汉英非文学 - 白皮书
  • The shipping industry promulgated a voluntary code. 航运业对自律守则进行了宣传。 来自辞典例句
84 fixed JsKzzj     
adj.固定的,不变的,准备好的;(计算机)固定的
参考例句:
  • Have you two fixed on a date for the wedding yet?你们俩选定婚期了吗?
  • Once the aim is fixed,we should not change it arbitrarily.目标一旦确定,我们就不应该随意改变。
85 publicity ASmxx     
n.众所周知,闻名;宣传,广告
参考例句:
  • The singer star's marriage got a lot of publicity.这位歌星的婚事引起了公众的关注。
  • He dismissed the event as just a publicity gimmick.他不理会这件事,只当它是一种宣传手法。
86 awareness 4yWzdW     
n.意识,觉悟,懂事,明智
参考例句:
  • There is a general awareness that smoking is harmful.人们普遍认识到吸烟有害健康。
  • Environmental awareness has increased over the years.这些年来人们的环境意识增强了。
87 disseminate VtKxS     
v.散布;传播
参考例句:
  • We should disseminate science and promote the scientific spirit.普及科学知识,弘扬科学精神。
  • We sincerely welcome all countries to disseminate their languages in China.我们真诚地欢迎世界各国来华推广本国语言。
88 conscientiously 3vBzrQ     
adv.凭良心地;认真地,负责尽职地;老老实实
参考例句:
  • He kept silent,eating just as conscientiously but as though everything tasted alike. 他一声不吭,闷头吃着,仿佛桌上的饭菜都一个味儿。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • She discharged all the responsibilities of a minister conscientiously. 她自觉地履行部长的一切职责。 来自《简明英汉词典》
89 implementation 2awxV     
n.实施,贯彻
参考例句:
  • Implementation of the program is now well underway.这一项目的实施现在行情看好。
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