国务院关于印发质量振兴纲要(1996年—2010年)的通知
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(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
 

(December 24, 1996)
颁布日期:19961224  实施日期:19961224  颁布单位:国务院

  The Quality Invigoration Programme (1996-2010) is hereby distributed for your earnest implementation3.

  APPENDIX: THE QUALITY INVIGORATION PROGRAMME (1996-2010)

  The Quality Invigoration Programme (1996-2010) is promulgated4 for the purpose of implementing5 the Ninth Five-Year Plan and the 2010 Programme of Prospective6 Objectives of the National Economy and Social Development of the People's Republic of China, upgrading the overall levels of the quality of products, projects and services of our country and providing guidance to the work concerning quality.

  1. The Present Status and Situation

  (1) Great progress has been achieved in the work concerning quality in China since the implementation of the policy of reform and opening up. Vast number of enterprises has laid a certain material foundation for the improvement of quality by relying on technological7 advancement8, improving technical equipment, strengthening administration and practising scientific management. Formulation of rules and regulations and cultivation9 of professional ethics10 have been stepped up, propagation and education of quality has been universally conducted, while quality consciousness of the whole people and the quality of workers and staff members have been considerably11 raised. Laws and regulations relating to quality have been constantly perfected, the work concerning quality has gradually embarked12 on the track of legality and the external environment to push the enterprises in the improvement of quality is gradually taking shape.

  (2) At present, the overall levels of the quality of products, projects and services of our country still fall short of satisfying the requirements of increasing improvement in the living standards of the people and the constant development of the society and there still exists a quite large gap compared to the economically developed countries which manifests itself mainly in the following: poor quality of a number of raw materials, basic components13 and other products, serious loss resulting from sub-standard products in the production process; the quality of a number of projects falls short of the requirements of national standards, irrationality14 in some project designs and equipment selection, poor quality in construction and there even exist hidden structural15 defects; big fluctuations16 in service quality, failure of post sales service of commodities to keep up with the sales; low standards in quality control, in completion in rules and regulations and weak self-discipline in quite a number of enterprises; lack of effective means of quality control, and legal system has yet to be further perfected and strengthened.

  (3) The question of quality is a strategic issue in economic development. Quality standards are the overall reflection of a country's level of economy, science and technology, education and administration. It has become one of the important factors affecting the development of the national economy and foreign trade. The two basic transformations18 must be carried out at an accelerated pace, and levels of quality of products, projects and services of our country upgraded as quickly as possible so as to satisfy the requirements of increasing improvement in the living standards of the people and the constant development of the society, enhance competitive capability19 and promote the development of the national economy and the society of our country.

  2. Main Objectives

  (4) Main objectives of quality invigoration are as follows: effect a basic upgrade in the overall quality of major industries and quality control level of the enterprises of our country through five to fifteen years of efforts with a view to making new strides in the quality of products, projects and services of our country. Major results shall be achieved in the following areas:

  ——by 2000, marked improvement in the overall quality of major industries and initial formation of a number of key industries and a batch20 of big enterprises and enterprise groups with capabilities21 of international competition. By 2010, overall quality of major industries shall basically meet the requirements of international competition.

  ——by 2000, production of over 75% of major industrial products shall be organized according to international standards or advanced overseas standards with marked increase in the ratio of excellent products reaching advanced international standards and marked improvement in post sales service of products; the pass rate of key products of the state in sample inspection22 of comparable follow-up supervision23 shall reach over 90%; the pass rate of export products leaving the factories shall reach 100%; quality of products and services of major industries shall basically reach national standards. By 2010, production of over 85% of major industrial products shall be organized according to international standards or advanced overseas standards with drastic increase in the ratio of excellent products reaching advanced international standards and formation of standardized25 post sales service network; the pass rate of key products of the state in sample inspection of comparable follow-up supervision shall be stabilized26 at over 95%; bringing into being a number of well-known brand products with capabilities of international competition; quality of products and services of major industries shall be close to or reach advanced international standards. To this end, particular attention should be paid to the quality of four categories of key products: raw materials, basic components, major equipment and consumer goods.

  The raw materials category: by 2000, quality of products of such major raw materials industries as coal, iron and steel, non-ferrous metals and chemical industries shall all reach national standards with the quality of a certain percentage of the products reaching advanced overseas standards. By 2010, quality of 1/3-1/2 of the products of major raw materials shall reach the average standards of the developed countries with the quality of a number of important raw materials reaching advanced international standards.

  The basic components category: by 2000, efforts shall be exerted for the overall level of the quality of such basic components as mechanical and electronic components to reach the level of the developed countries in the early 1990s, with drastic improvement in the reliability27 of basic mechanical components and an average improvement by one figure grade in the reliability of electronic components and breakthrough in the quality of key automotive parts and components and the complete-vehicle matching capability. By 2010, efforts shall be made for the quality of such basic components as mechanical and electronic components to approach the average level of the developed countries.

  The major equipment category: by 2000, safety performance targets of all major equipment in machinery28, electronic and petro-chemical industries shall reach compulsory29 standards of the state. By 2010, complete-machine reliability of major equipment in machinery, electronic and petro-chemical industries shall approach or reach the average standards of the developed countries.

  The consumer goods category: by 2000, quality, safety and hygiene30 targets of major products in the consumer goods category shall all meet compulsory standards of the state, and technical quality targets and complete-machine reliability of major durable31 consumer goods shall approach or reach the average standards of the developed countries. By 2010, quality, safety and hygiene targets of major products in the consumer goods category shall meet international standards and the technical quality targets and complete-machine reliability of major durable consumer goods shall approach or meet advanced international standards, and bring into being a number of well-known brand products with strong power in international competition.

  ——quality of projects: by 2000, quality of projects handed over for use upon completion of construction must meet the national standards or the requirements of specifications32. Integrated trial run and acceptance of large- and medium-size construction projects shall qualify in one go and ensure continuous production or normal use. The pass rate of one-stop acceptance of other projects shall reach 90% among which over 35% shall be in the range of excellence33. By 2010, quality of all projects upon completion shall meet the national standards or requirements of specifications. The pass rate of one-stop acceptance of projects other than those large- and medium-size construction projects shall reach 96% among which the rate of excellence shall reach over 40%.

  ——quality of services: by 2000, all such traditional and emerging service industries as railway, communications, civil aviation, commerce, tourism, medical service and public health as well as banking34, insurance, real estate and information consultancy shall follow the national standards for quality of services and realize initially35 institutionalization, procedures and standardization36 in quality of services. By 2010, quality of services shall basically reach international standards.

  3. Enhancement of Quality Awareness37 of the Whole People and Improvement of the Quality of Workers

  (5) Strengthening quality-related legal education and enhancing the sense of legality about quality. Diverse forms shall be adopted to popularize the education of knowledge of quality-related laws and regulations to enhance the sense of legality of the whole people. Enterprises shall fulfil statutory obligations with regard to quality in real earnest and engage in production and operation in accordance with law; the broad masses of users and consumers shall safeguard their own lawful38 rights and interests in accordance with law by availing themselves of quality-related laws and regulations.

  (6) Improvement of the quality of workers shall be an important link in the upgrade of quality. Earnest efforts shall be made to step up the education of operators, workers and staff members of enterprises in quality awareness and knowledge of quality control, and training of workers and staff members in working skills actively39 conducted. Universities and colleges where conditions are ripe shall set up quality control curriculum and train personnel for the work of quality control. Training institutions for quality control at all levels shall be established and perfected, and education and training in quality shall be conducted at different tiers. Education in quality shall be an important content in the training and enhancing working skills in all types of vocational schools and on-job training of workers and staff members; middle and primary school education shall also contain a certain amount of education in quality.

  (7) Giving full play to news media, organizations of the industries and societies of the masses in public opinion motivation and supervision. Activities such as “The Month of Quality”, “The 10000 Li Tour on Quality” and “March 15 Protection of Consumer Rights and Interests” shall continue to be conducted to motivate the broad masses of people to dedicate themselves to the cause of quality invigoration, bringing about an environment and atmosphere in which the whole society pays attention to quality.

  4. Strengthening Administration and Policy Guidance

  (8) The people's governments of all localities and the competent departments under the State Council should carry out their administrative40 responsibilities in real earnest, conduct administration in accordance with law, strengthen leadership and management over the work of quality, enhance the scientific reliability and effectiveness in quality control, and create a good external environment for quality invigoration in guidance, coordination41, supervision and service.

  (9) Upgrading the quality of products by way of technological advancement. The principle of “supporting the strong on merits” shall be adhered to, efforts for technical transformation17 intensified42, and technical contents increased to promote key industries, key enterprises and key products to achieve higher standards in quality. Joint43 tackling of scientific and technological problems should be actively organized to overcome weak links in the quality of products; quality of products produced by utilizing44 introduced technology or transformed technology should meet international standards or advanced overseas standards; quality of newly-developed products should meet international standards or advanced overseas standards.

  (10) Adjusting the structure of products and improving the quality of products. Policy restraints on the economic scale and technical level of the investment projects shall be strengthened. Key support shall be provided to the production of a number of leading products having higher quality and market competition edge. The state shall, at regular intervals45, publish catalogues of products restricted in or banned from production and gradually phase out products of high energy consumption and serious pollution.

  (11) Stepping up supervision and control over large-scale purchasing activities. The state shall practise standardized administration of procurement46 of major equipment and government purchasing activities by clearly defining the responsibilities relating to quality in purchasing activities so as to ensure the quality of procured47 products.

  (12) Implementing the well-known brand development strategy to invigorate national industries. Encouragement shall be given to enterprises to manufacture products of fine quality and support shall be provided to enterprises where conditions are ripe for the creation of well-known brand products. The state shall formulate48 the well-known brand development strategy, and encourage enterprises to carry out transregional and trans industrial association in striving for the creation of internationally known brand products with strong power in international competition. Rules for quality reward shall be formulated49 in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Quality of Products.

  5. Stepping up Legislation and Intensifying50 Efforts in Law Enforcement and Supervision

  (13) Perfection of legislation on quality. Acceleration51 of legislation on quality control and further perfection of quality control regulations.

  (14) Intensification52 of quality supervision. Supervision over the quality of key industries, key products and major construction projects as well as urban and rural housing projects shall be strengthened. Protection of intellectual property rights shall be reinforced and crackdown on acts of encroachment53 on patent rights and trademark54 rights conducted. Production licensing55 control shall be tightened56 and efforts to check and deal with products without production licences intensified. Efforts of sample inspection by the state supervision shall be stepped up and post supervisory sample inspection processing shall be handled properly by employing economic, legal and administrative means so as to improve the efficacy of supervision. Severe punishment shall be meted57 out to illegal acts of production and sale of imitated, fake and inferior commodities in accordance with law, severe sanctions shall be imposed on those responsible for the cover-up of and connivance58 at the production and sale of imitated, fake and inferior commodities and local protectionism or departmental protectionism shall be firmly rooted out.

  (15) Establishment and perfection of a mechanism59 for quality-related law enforcement and supervision to improve the standards of law enforcement. Rules of law enforcement, supervision and inspection shall be worked out and supervision and inspection of the implementation of quality-related laws and regulations stepped up, and acts of handling cases not according to law, being not strict in law enforcement, not investigating cases in violation60 of law and abuse of power shall be firmly investigated and punished.

  (16) Strengthening the building of the quality-related law-enforcement force. Education and training of law-enforcing personnel shall be stepped up, quality of law-enforcing personnel constantly improved, supervisory means perfected and integrated law enforcement capability upgraded so as to raise the authority and efficacy of law enforcement.

  6. Completion of Market Quality Rules and Perfection of Social Supervision Mechanism

  (17) Establishing and completing quality standards of commodity markets. The commodity markets shall establish a quality supervision and control mechanism, work out standardized procedures for the handling of the quality problem of commodities and gradually form a perfect quality supervision system. Commodities entering into market distribution must bear standardized quality marks. Commercial enterprises shall, in real earnest, strengthen quality inspection of in-coming commodities during acceptance and fulfil responsibilities with respect to commodity quality in accordance with law.

  (18) Establishing and perfecting the national quality authentication61 system. The state shall exercise unified62 administration of quality authentication according to law, formulate regulations relating to quality authentication, approve authentication offices and laboratories, and register and administer examination and evaluation63 personnel. It shall practise product quality authentication and quality system authentication according to rules in international practice, and exercise supervision and control over authentication. International bilateral64 and multilateral mutual65 authentication of quality authentication shall be actively promoted.

  (19) Perfecting the quality control systems for projects. Construction of projects shall practise the responsibility system of the legal person of the project, the system of tender and tender bidding, the system of project supervision and the system of contract management. Large- and medium-size construction projects and key national projects shall practise the system of construction supervision; the system of equipment supervision shall be established for complete set of equipment in key construction projects on the basis of the responsibility system of the legal person of the project.

  (20) Promotion66 of product quality insurance. On the basis of promoting the enterprises to establish and perfect quality control systems and conduct product quality risk evaluation and in accordance with the principle of voluntary insurance on the part of the enterprises, product responsibility insurance and product quality assurance insurance shall be carried out and a new mechanism of quality assurance and supervision brought into force.

  (21) Establishment and perfection of product mark system. In line with international practice and characteristics of different products, the system of various marks shall be followed, including product safety marks, production licence marks, warning marks, characteristics marks, authentication marks, anti imitation marks and insurance marks. The departments concerned shall exercise supervision and control over the said marks.

  (22) Active conduct of the work of quality complaints and quality arbitration67 and inspection. The departments and units concerned shall, in accordance with the provisions of relevant laws and regulations, accept quality complaints and quality arbitration and inspection, mediate68 in quality-related disputes and safeguard the lawful rights and interests of users, consumers and enterprises.

  (23) Giving full play to the role of intermediate agencies. Building of such intermediate agencies as those of quality inspection and calculation and measurement testing shall be stepped up and the work of notarial69 inspection testing, market commodity inspection, insured commodity risk evaluation, as well as procurement acceptance inspection and project and equipment supervision be actively conducted. Agencies of product quality authentication and quality system authentication shall be perfected to provide effective service for enterprises to participate in market competition. Consultancy services agencies shall actively provide standardized consultancy services for the society as to quality policy, control, evaluation and examination, authentication, regulations as well as standards, calculations and measurements and information. All types of social organizations shall play the role of social supervision over quality and chambers70 of commerce and associations of industries shall exercise self-discipline. Services such as social quality propagation, education and technical consultancy shall be actively undertaken.

  Governments at all levels shall strengthen control over intermediate agencies and standardize24 the conduct of intermediate agencies. Intermediate agencies shall pass qualification confirmation71 in accordance with law, establish self-disciplined operation mechanism according to market rules and undertake corresponding responsibilities in accordance with law.

  7. Solidification72 of the Foundation of Enterprises and Enforcement of Strict Internal Quality Control

  (24) Enterprises should build up scientific quality concept in line with the rules of market economy. The concept of “Quality First” should be firmly built up, sense of competition, sense of risks and sense of legality enhanced. Enterprises should actively look to the market and subject themselves to the supervision of users, society and government; activities such as “transformation of mechanism, enforcement of management, upgrading of built-in functions and increment73 of efficiency”, “invigoration of the industry through quality” and “invigoration of the enterprise through quality” should be actively unfolded, in an effort to improve quality, reduce cost, increase efficiency and establish an enterprise quality assurance mechanism which is full of vigor1 and vitality74.

  (25) The principle that operators and managers of enterprises focus on quality shall be adhered to. Directors (managers) of enterprises shall be fully75 responsible for the work of quality of the enterprises. Directors (managers) shall be responsible for the formulation of enterprise quality control goals, establishment of enterprise quality system and its effective operation.

  (26) Quality-related work of enterprises shall be integrated with the deepening of reform and enforcement of management. Enterprises shall establish quality responsibility system with clearly-defined powers and responsibilities, perfect quality control rules and control organs, further strengthen quality inspection work and ensure in real earnest that inspection organs and inspection personnel exercise their functions according to product standards and rules and in accordance with law. Product performance and technical design should be constantly improved. Strict quality control shall be enforced in respect of in-coming raw materials, basic components and parts manufactured by other coordinated76 enterprises. Strict discipline of techniques and strict quality control of the entire production process and out-going products shall be enforced, and post sales service stepped up. The concept of quality cost should be built up and activities to reduce losses resulting from inferior products should be conducted to gain efficiency from quality control. Building construction enterprises should enforce control of the construction sites, perfect quality assurance system, implement2 the quality responsibility system, adhere to the principle of “triple controls” (namely, self-inspection, mutual inspection and inspection at the time of hand-over) in the construction process to eliminate sub-standard projects and do a good job of guaranteed repair and visits to users upon completion of construction. Service enterprises should enhance their sense of service, improve operational and service conditions and facilities, set up and perfect service quality system and constantly raise service standards.

  (27) Enterprises should exert their efforts to strengthen the technical foundation and strictly77 abide78 by the compulsory national standards. Production should be organized in strict accordance with standards and no production shall be undertaken without standards. Calculation and measurement inspection and testing system shall be established and perfected with active adoption79 of advanced calculation and measurement testing methods and strict control of calculation and measurement testing equipment. Enterprises the conditions of which are ripe should, with reference to advanced international standards, work out enterprise standards for internal control (including appearance and shape) which are competitive and higher than the existing national and trade standards.

  (28) Enterprises should strive hard for technical advancement. They should follow closely advanced international technology, actively adopt new technologies, new techniques and new materials, and accelerate the development of new products and commercialization of scientific research results. Technical advancement and technical transformation shall be integrated with improvement in the quality of products and introduction of advanced production technologies shall be matched with the introduction of advanced inspection and testing means. Timely increment in quality-related input80 shall be effected according to market demand and centering on the improvement in product quality so as to ensure improvement in the technical performance of products and their upgrade.

  (29) Enterprises should actively adopt scientific quality control methods and establish comprehensive and scientific quality control system. In accordance with the national standards for Quality Control and Quality Assurance and other advanced control standards in international practice, and in the light of the actual conditions of the enterprises, comprehensive quality control should be continuously promoted and quality system established and perfected. Application of various scientific control means and methods shall be extended to enforce on-the-spot management of enterprises, and all kinds of rules and regulations shall be perfected. Quality control activities involving the masses should be actively conducted, initiatives of the masses should be respected and activities of putting forward rational proposals should be unfolded.

  (30) Enterprises should establish and perfect incentive81 mechanisms82 for the encouragement of improvement in quality. On-job quality standards, quality responsibilities and corresponding evaluation methods shall be worked out and perfected and evaluation results shall constitute important basis for the transfer, promotion in position and grade, reward or punishment of workers and staff members. Internal distribution shall follow the system of coupling the distribution of individual income with quality with “quality veto” as the main mode.

  (31) Rural and township enterprises shall, in the light of the existing outstanding problems, take down-to-earth measures in respect of enhancing the sense of quality, increasing quality-related input, stepping up training of workers and staff members and perfecting inspection and testing means, and organize production and conduct inspection in strict accordance with standards and ensure that no sub-standard products shall be shipped out.

  (32) Enterprises committed to the production of coordinated and matching raw materials, basic components and coordinated parts for defense83 industrial departments should, in strict accordance with the provisions of relevant national standards and product quality control, establish and perfect quality assurance system and practise strict responsibility system so as to ensure the quality and reliability of matching products.

  (33) Enterprises should enhance the cultivation of spiritual civilization and strive to foster enterprise quality culture. Professional ethics and enterprising spirit should be important contents in the fostering of enterprise quality culture. Attention shall be paid to the building up of the image of the enterprise in quality reputation and the atmosphere under which production and distribution of quality products is glorious and production and distribution of imitated, fake and inferior products is shameful84 shall be built up.

  8. Organization and Implementation

  (34) People's governments of all localities and the competent departments under the State Council shall, in real earnest, strengthen the overall planning, organization and leadership of quality-related work, and earnestly do well the job of the implementation and putting into practice of this Programme and work out plans for concrete implementation in the light of the actual conditions of their respective regions and industries.

  (35) The rule of joint session for quality invigoration shall be established. In the process of implementation of this Programme, the department of overall economic administration and the department of quality supervision and control under the State Council shall convene85 joint sessions in accordance with the requirements of the work, and conduct organization and coordination with respect to relevant major issues.

  (36) Mobilization and organization of the whole society for active participation86 in the cause of quality invigoration. Quality invigoration being a cause of the whole nation, all regions, departments and units should enhance the sense of historical responsibility and sense of urgency of the times, make joint efforts, do down-to-earth work and make respective contributions to the realization87 of the goals put forth88 in this Programme and to the cause of quality invigoration of our country.



点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 vigor yLHz0     
n.活力,精力,元气
参考例句:
  • The choir sang the words out with great vigor.合唱团以极大的热情唱出了歌词。
  • She didn't want to be reminded of her beauty or her former vigor.现在,她不愿人们提起她昔日的美丽和以前的精力充沛。
2 implement WcdzG     
n.(pl.)工具,器具;vt.实行,实施,执行
参考例句:
  • Don't undertake a project unless you can implement it.不要承担一项计划,除非你能完成这项计划。
  • The best implement for digging a garden is a spade.在花园里挖土的最好工具是铁锹。
3 implementation 2awxV     
n.实施,贯彻
参考例句:
  • Implementation of the program is now well underway.这一项目的实施现在行情看好。
4 promulgated a4e9ce715ee72e022795b8072a6e618f     
v.宣扬(某事物)( promulgate的过去式和过去分词 );传播;公布;颁布(法令、新法律等)
参考例句:
  • Hence China has promulgated more than 30 relevant laws, statutes and regulations. 中国为此颁布的法律、法规和规章多达30余项。 来自汉英非文学 - 白皮书
  • The shipping industry promulgated a voluntary code. 航运业对自律守则进行了宣传。 来自辞典例句
5 implementing be68540dfa000a0fb38be40d32259215     
v.实现( implement的现在分词 );执行;贯彻;使生效
参考例句:
  • -- Implementing a comprehensive drug control strategy. ――实行综合治理的禁毒战略。 来自汉英非文学 - 白皮书
  • He was in no hurry about implementing his unshakable principle. 他并不急于实行他那不可动摇的原则。 来自辞典例句
6 prospective oR7xB     
adj.预期的,未来的,前瞻性的
参考例句:
  • The story should act as a warning to other prospective buyers.这篇报道应该对其他潜在的购买者起到警示作用。
  • They have all these great activities for prospective freshmen.这会举办各种各样的活动来招待未来的新人。
7 technological gqiwY     
adj.技术的;工艺的
参考例句:
  • A successful company must keep up with the pace of technological change.一家成功的公司必须得跟上技术变革的步伐。
  • Today,the pace of life is increasing with technological advancements.当今, 随着科技进步,生活节奏不断增快。
8 advancement tzgziL     
n.前进,促进,提升
参考例句:
  • His new contribution to the advancement of physiology was well appreciated.他对生理学发展的新贡献获得高度赞赏。
  • The aim of a university should be the advancement of learning.大学的目标应是促进学术。
9 cultivation cnfzl     
n.耕作,培养,栽培(法),养成
参考例句:
  • The cultivation in good taste is our main objective.培养高雅情趣是我们的主要目标。
  • The land is not fertile enough to repay cultivation.这块土地不够肥沃,不值得耕种。
10 ethics Dt3zbI     
n.伦理学;伦理观,道德标准
参考例句:
  • The ethics of his profession don't permit him to do that.他的职业道德不允许他那样做。
  • Personal ethics and professional ethics sometimes conflict.个人道德和职业道德有时会相互抵触。
11 considerably 0YWyQ     
adv.极大地;相当大地;在很大程度上
参考例句:
  • The economic situation has changed considerably.经济形势已发生了相当大的变化。
  • The gap has narrowed considerably.分歧大大缩小了。
12 embarked e63154942be4f2a5c3c51f6b865db3de     
乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 ); 装载; 从事
参考例句:
  • We stood on the pier and watched as they embarked. 我们站在突码头上目送他们登船。
  • She embarked on a discourse about the town's origins. 她开始讲本市的起源。
13 components 4725dcf446a342f1473a8228e42dfa48     
(机器、设备等的)构成要素,零件,成分; 成分( component的名词复数 ); [物理化学]组分; [数学]分量; (混合物的)组成部分
参考例句:
  • the components of a machine 机器部件
  • Our chemistry teacher often reduces a compound to its components in lab. 在实验室中化学老师常把化合物分解为各种成分。
14 irrationality 1b326c0c44534307351536f698c4f5c1     
n. 不合理,无理性
参考例句:
  • Such stoppages as are observed in practice are thus attributed to mistakes or even irrationality. 在实际情况中看到的这些停工,要归因于失误或甚至是非理性的东西。
  • For all its harshness and irrationality, it is the only world we've got. 尽管它严酷而又不合理,它终究是我们具有的唯一的世界。
15 structural itXw5     
adj.构造的,组织的,建筑(用)的
参考例句:
  • The storm caused no structural damage.风暴没有造成建筑结构方面的破坏。
  • The North American continent is made up of three great structural entities.北美大陆是由三个构造单元组成的。
16 fluctuations 5ffd9bfff797526ec241b97cfb872d61     
波动,涨落,起伏( fluctuation的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • He showed the price fluctuations in a statistical table. 他用统计表显示价格的波动。
  • There were so many unpredictable fluctuations on the Stock Exchange. 股票市场瞬息万变。
17 transformation SnFwO     
n.变化;改造;转变
参考例句:
  • Going to college brought about a dramatic transformation in her outlook.上大学使她的观念发生了巨大的变化。
  • He was struggling to make the transformation from single man to responsible husband.他正在努力使自己由单身汉变为可靠的丈夫。
18 transformations dfc3424f78998e0e9ce8980c12f60650     
n.变化( transformation的名词复数 );转换;转换;变换
参考例句:
  • Energy transformations go on constantly, all about us. 在我们周围,能量始终在不停地转换着。 来自辞典例句
  • On the average, such transformations balance out. 平均起来,这种转化可以互相抵消。 来自辞典例句
19 capability JsGzZ     
n.能力;才能;(pl)可发展的能力或特性等
参考例句:
  • She has the capability to become a very fine actress.她有潜力成为杰出演员。
  • Organizing a whole department is beyond his capability.组织整个部门是他能力以外的事。
20 batch HQgyz     
n.一批(组,群);一批生产量
参考例句:
  • The first batch of cakes was burnt.第一炉蛋糕烤焦了。
  • I have a batch of letters to answer.我有一批信要回复。
21 capabilities f7b11037f2050959293aafb493b7653c     
n.能力( capability的名词复数 );可能;容量;[复数]潜在能力
参考例句:
  • He was somewhat pompous and had a high opinion of his own capabilities. 他有点自大,自视甚高。 来自辞典例句
  • Some programmers use tabs to break complex product capabilities into smaller chunks. 一些程序员认为,标签可以将复杂的功能分为每个窗格一组简单的功能。 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓
22 inspection y6TxG     
n.检查,审查,检阅
参考例句:
  • On random inspection the meat was found to be bad.经抽查,发现肉变质了。
  • The soldiers lined up for their daily inspection by their officers.士兵们列队接受军官的日常检阅。
23 supervision hr6wv     
n.监督,管理
参考例句:
  • The work was done under my supervision.这项工作是在我的监督之下完成的。
  • The old man's will was executed under the personal supervision of the lawyer.老人的遗嘱是在律师的亲自监督下执行的。
24 standardize UuMwl     
v.使符合标准,使标准化
参考例句:
  • We will extend and standardize legal services and provide effective legal aid.拓展和规范法律服务,积极开展法律援助。
  • There is a drive both to standardise components and to reduce the number of models on offer.正在为实现零部件标准化和减少推出的型号数量而努力。
25 standardized 8hHzgs     
adj.标准化的
参考例句:
  • We use standardized tests to measure scholastic achievement. 我们用标准化考试来衡量学生的学业成绩。
  • The parts of an automobile are standardized. 汽车零件是标准化了的。
26 stabilized 02f3efdac3635abcf70576f3b5d20e56     
v.(使)稳定, (使)稳固( stabilize的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • The patient's condition stabilized. 患者的病情稳定下来。
  • His blood pressure has stabilized. 他的血压已经稳定下来了。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
27 reliability QVexf     
n.可靠性,确实性
参考例句:
  • We mustn't presume too much upon the reliability of such sources.我们不应过分指望这类消息来源的可靠性。
  • I can assure you of the reliability of the information.我向你保证这消息可靠。
28 machinery CAdxb     
n.(总称)机械,机器;机构
参考例句:
  • Has the machinery been put up ready for the broadcast?广播器材安装完毕了吗?
  • Machinery ought to be well maintained all the time.机器应该随时注意维护。
29 compulsory 5pVzu     
n.强制的,必修的;规定的,义务的
参考例句:
  • Is English a compulsory subject?英语是必修课吗?
  • Compulsory schooling ends at sixteen.义务教育至16岁为止。
30 hygiene Kchzr     
n.健康法,卫生学 (a.hygienic)
参考例句:
  • Their course of study includes elementary hygiene and medical theory.他们的课程包括基础卫生学和医疗知识。
  • He's going to give us a lecture on public hygiene.他要给我们作关于公共卫生方面的报告。
31 durable frox4     
adj.持久的,耐久的
参考例句:
  • This raincoat is made of very durable material.这件雨衣是用非常耐用的料子做的。
  • They frequently require more major durable purchases.他们经常需要购买耐用消费品。
32 specifications f3453ce44685398a83b7fe3902d2b90c     
n.规格;载明;详述;(产品等的)说明书;说明书( specification的名词复数 );详细的计划书;载明;详述
参考例句:
  • Our work must answer the specifications laid down. 我们的工作应符合所定的规范。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • This sketch does not conform with the specifications. 图文不符。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
33 excellence ZnhxM     
n.优秀,杰出,(pl.)优点,美德
参考例句:
  • His art has reached a high degree of excellence.他的艺术已达到炉火纯青的地步。
  • My performance is far below excellence.我的表演离优秀还差得远呢。
34 banking aySz20     
n.银行业,银行学,金融业
参考例句:
  • John is launching his son on a career in banking.约翰打算让儿子在银行界谋一个新职位。
  • He possesses an extensive knowledge of banking.他具有广博的银行业务知识。
35 initially 273xZ     
adv.最初,开始
参考例句:
  • The ban was initially opposed by the US.这一禁令首先遭到美国的反对。
  • Feathers initially developed from insect scales.羽毛最初由昆虫的翅瓣演化而来。
36 standardization nuPwl     
n.标准化
参考例句:
  • Standardization of counseling techniques is obviously impossible. 很清楚,要想使研讨方法标准化是不可能的。
  • In Britain, progress towards standardization was much slower. 在英国,向标准化进展要迟缓得多。
37 awareness 4yWzdW     
n.意识,觉悟,懂事,明智
参考例句:
  • There is a general awareness that smoking is harmful.人们普遍认识到吸烟有害健康。
  • Environmental awareness has increased over the years.这些年来人们的环境意识增强了。
38 lawful ipKzCt     
adj.法律许可的,守法的,合法的
参考例句:
  • It is not lawful to park in front of a hydrant.在消火栓前停车是不合法的。
  • We don't recognised him to be the lawful heir.我们不承认他为合法继承人。
39 actively lzezni     
adv.积极地,勤奋地
参考例句:
  • During this period all the students were actively participating.在这节课中所有的学生都积极参加。
  • We are actively intervening to settle a quarrel.我们正在积极调解争执。
40 administrative fzDzkc     
adj.行政的,管理的
参考例句:
  • The administrative burden must be lifted from local government.必须解除地方政府的行政负担。
  • He regarded all these administrative details as beneath his notice.他认为行政管理上的这些琐事都不值一顾。
41 coordination Ho8zt     
n.协调,协作
参考例句:
  • Gymnastics is a sport that requires a considerable level of coordination.体操是一项需要高协调性的运动。
  • The perfect coordination of the dancers and singers added a rhythmic charm to the performance.舞蹈演员和歌手们配合得很好,使演出更具魅力。
42 intensified 4b3b31dab91d010ec3f02bff8b189d1a     
v.(使)增强, (使)加剧( intensify的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • Violence intensified during the night. 在夜间暴力活动加剧了。
  • The drought has intensified. 旱情加剧了。 来自《简明英汉词典》
43 joint m3lx4     
adj.联合的,共同的;n.关节,接合处;v.连接,贴合
参考例句:
  • I had a bad fall,which put my shoulder out of joint.我重重地摔了一跤,肩膀脫臼了。
  • We wrote a letter in joint names.我们联名写了封信。
44 utilizing fbe1505f632dff25652a1730952a6464     
v.利用,使用( utilize的现在分词 )
参考例句:
  • Utilizing an assembler to produce a machine-language program. 用汇编程序产生机器语言的过程。 来自辞典例句
  • The study and use of devices utilizing properties of materials near absolute zero in temperature. 对材料在接近绝对零度时的特性进行研究和利用的学科。 来自辞典例句
45 intervals f46c9d8b430e8c86dea610ec56b7cbef     
n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 );间隔时间;[数学]区间;(戏剧、电影或音乐会的)幕间休息
参考例句:
  • The forecast said there would be sunny intervals and showers. 预报间晴,有阵雨。
  • Meetings take place at fortnightly intervals. 每两周开一次会。
46 procurement 6kzzu9     
n.采购;获得
参考例句:
  • He is in charge of the procurement of materials.他负责物资的采购。
  • More and more,human food procurement came to have a dominant effect on their evolution.人类获取食物愈来愈显著地影响到人类的进化。
47 procured 493ee52a2e975a52c94933bb12ecc52b     
v.(努力)取得, (设法)获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 );拉皮条
参考例句:
  • These cars are to be procured through open tender. 这些汽车要用公开招标的办法购买。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
  • A friend procured a position in the bank for my big brother. 一位朋友为我哥哥谋得了一个银行的职位。 来自《用法词典》
48 formulate L66yt     
v.用公式表示;规划;设计;系统地阐述
参考例句:
  • He took care to formulate his reply very clearly.他字斟句酌,清楚地做了回答。
  • I was impressed by the way he could formulate his ideas.他陈述观点的方式让我印象深刻。
49 formulated cfc86c2c7185ae3f93c4d8a44e3cea3c     
v.构想出( formulate的过去式和过去分词 );规划;确切地阐述;用公式表示
参考例句:
  • He claims that the writer never consciously formulated his own theoretical position. 他声称该作家从未有意识地阐明他自己的理论见解。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • This idea can be formulated in two different ways. 这个意思可以有两种说法。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
50 intensifying 6af105724a108def30288b810d78b276     
v.(使)增强, (使)加剧( intensify的现在分词 );增辉
参考例句:
  • The allies are intensifying their air campaign. 联军部队正加大他们的空战强度。 来自辞典例句
  • The rest of the European powers were in a state of intensifying congestion. 其余的欧洲强国则处于越来越拥挤的状态。 来自英汉非文学 - 历史
51 acceleration ff8ya     
n.加速,加速度
参考例句:
  • All spacemen must be able to bear acceleration.所有太空人都应能承受加速度。
  • He has also called for an acceleration of political reforms.他同时呼吁加快政治改革的步伐。
52 intensification 5fb4d5b75a27bb246c651ce88694cc97     
n.激烈化,增强明暗度;加厚
参考例句:
  • The intensification of the immunological response represents the body's natural defense. 增强免疫反应代表身体的自然保卫。 来自辞典例句
  • Agriculture in the developing nations is not irreversibly committed, to a particular pattern of intensification. 发展中国家的农业并没有完全为某种集约化形式所束缚。 来自辞典例句
53 encroachment DpQxB     
n.侵入,蚕食
参考例句:
  • I resent the encroachment on my time.我讨厌别人侵占我的时间。
  • The eagle broke away and defiantly continued its encroachment.此时雕挣脱开对方,继续强行入侵。
54 trademark Xndw8     
n.商标;特征;vt.注册的…商标
参考例句:
  • The trademark is registered on the book of the Patent Office.该商标已在专利局登记注册。
  • The trademark of the pen was changed.这钢笔的商标改了。
55 licensing 7352ce0b4e0665659ae6466c18decb2a     
v.批准,许可,颁发执照( license的现在分词 )
参考例句:
  • A large part of state regulation consists of occupational licensing. 大部分州的管理涉及行业的特许批准。 来自英汉非文学 - 行政法
  • That licensing procedures for projects would move faster. 这样的工程批准程序一定会加快。 来自辞典例句
56 tightened bd3d8363419d9ff838bae0ba51722ee9     
收紧( tighten的过去式和过去分词 ); (使)变紧; (使)绷紧; 加紧
参考例句:
  • The rope holding the boat suddenly tightened and broke. 系船的绳子突然绷断了。
  • His index finger tightened on the trigger but then relaxed again. 他的食指扣住扳机,然后又松开了。
57 meted 9eadd1a2304ecfb724677a9aeb1ee2ab     
v.(对某人)施以,给予(处罚等)( mete的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • The severe punishment was meted out to the unruly hooligan. 对那个嚣张的流氓已给予严厉惩处。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
  • The money was meted out only after it had been carefully counted. 钱只有仔细点过之后才分发。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
58 connivance MYzyF     
n.纵容;默许
参考例句:
  • The criminals could not have escaped without your connivance.囚犯没有你的默契配合,是逃不掉的。
  • He tried to bribe the police into connivance.他企图收买警察放他一马。
59 mechanism zCWxr     
n.机械装置;机构,结构
参考例句:
  • The bones and muscles are parts of the mechanism of the body.骨骼和肌肉是人体的组成部件。
  • The mechanism of the machine is very complicated.这台机器的结构是非常复杂的。
60 violation lLBzJ     
n.违反(行为),违背(行为),侵犯
参考例句:
  • He roared that was a violation of the rules.他大声说,那是违反规则的。
  • He was fined 200 dollars for violation of traffic regulation.他因违反交通规则被罚款200美元。
61 authentication jO5yS     
鉴定,认证
参考例句:
  • Computer security technology includes mainly:Authentication,Encryption,Access Control,Auditing and so on.计算机网络安全技术主要有: 认证授权、数据加密、访问控制、安全审计等。
62 unified 40b03ccf3c2da88cc503272d1de3441c     
(unify 的过去式和过去分词); 统一的; 统一标准的; 一元化的
参考例句:
  • The teacher unified the answer of her pupil with hers. 老师核对了学生的答案。
  • The First Emperor of Qin unified China in 221 B.C. 秦始皇于公元前221年统一中国。
63 evaluation onFxd     
n.估价,评价;赋值
参考例句:
  • I attempted an honest evaluation of my own life.我试图如实地评价我自己的一生。
  • The new scheme is still under evaluation.新方案还在评估阶段。
64 bilateral dQGyW     
adj.双方的,两边的,两侧的
参考例句:
  • They have been negotiating a bilateral trade deal.他们一直在商谈一项双边贸易协定。
  • There was a wide gap between the views of the two statesmen on the bilateral cooperation.对双方合作的问题,两位政治家各自所持的看法差距甚大。
65 mutual eFOxC     
adj.相互的,彼此的;共同的,共有的
参考例句:
  • We must pull together for mutual interest.我们必须为相互的利益而通力合作。
  • Mutual interests tied us together.相互的利害关系把我们联系在一起。
66 promotion eRLxn     
n.提升,晋级;促销,宣传
参考例句:
  • The teacher conferred with the principal about Dick's promotion.教师与校长商谈了迪克的升级问题。
  • The clerk was given a promotion and an increase in salary.那个职员升了级,加了薪。
67 arbitration hNgyh     
n.调停,仲裁
参考例句:
  • The wage disagreement is under arbitration.工资纠纷正在仲裁中。
  • Both sides have agreed that the arbitration will be binding.双方都赞同仲裁具有约束力。
68 mediate yCjxl     
vi.调解,斡旋;vt.经调解解决;经斡旋促成
参考例句:
  • The state must mediate the struggle for water resources.政府必须通过调解来解决对水资源的争夺。
  • They may be able to mediate between parties with different interests.他们也许能在不同利益政党之间进行斡旋。
69 notarial 73c2302981a8ce9c457a567fb0e58a44     
adj.公证人的,公证的
参考例句:
  • Tothe worldwide extent, there are 4 major notarial administration systems. 在世界范围内,主要存在四种公证管理体制。 来自互联网
  • Having the fund necessary to carry out notarial work. 有开展公证业务所必需的资金。 来自互联网
70 chambers c053984cd45eab1984d2c4776373c4fe     
n.房间( chamber的名词复数 );(议会的)议院;卧室;会议厅
参考例句:
  • The body will be removed into one of the cold storage chambers. 尸体将被移到一个冷冻间里。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Mr Chambers's readable book concentrates on the middle passage: the time Ransome spent in Russia. Chambers先生的这本值得一看的书重点在中间:Ransome在俄国的那几年。 来自互联网
71 confirmation ZYMya     
n.证实,确认,批准
参考例句:
  • We are waiting for confirmation of the news.我们正在等待证实那个消息。
  • We need confirmation in writing before we can send your order out.给你们发送订购的货物之前,我们需要书面确认。
72 solidification 2435a3c11e5a5ed897dcac42fc6c8afd     
凝固
参考例句:
  • In the process of solidification the same amount of heat is released. 在固结过程中则将释放出同等的热量。
  • The solidification mechanism and adhering formation of the product are also discussed. 对锌粉的凝固机理及粘结现象进行了探讨。
73 increment o8Cx6     
n.增值,增价;提薪,增加工资
参考例句:
  • Each increment of knowledge tells us more of our world.知识的点滴增长都会增进我们对世界的认知。
  • She receives a salary increment each year.她每年得到加薪。
74 vitality lhAw8     
n.活力,生命力,效力
参考例句:
  • He came back from his holiday bursting with vitality and good health.他度假归来之后,身强体壮,充满活力。
  • He is an ambitious young man full of enthusiasm and vitality.他是个充满热情与活力的有远大抱负的青年。
75 fully Gfuzd     
adv.完全地,全部地,彻底地;充分地
参考例句:
  • The doctor asked me to breathe in,then to breathe out fully.医生让我先吸气,然后全部呼出。
  • They soon became fully integrated into the local community.他们很快就完全融入了当地人的圈子。
76 coordinated 72452d15f78aec5878c1559a1fbb5383     
adj.协调的
参考例句:
  • The sound has to be coordinated with the picture. 声音必须和画面协调一致。
  • The numerous existing statutes are complicated and poorly coordinated. 目前繁多的法令既十分复杂又缺乏快调。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法
77 strictly GtNwe     
adv.严厉地,严格地;严密地
参考例句:
  • His doctor is dieting him strictly.他的医生严格规定他的饮食。
  • The guests were seated strictly in order of precedence.客人严格按照地位高低就座。
78 abide UfVyk     
vi.遵守;坚持;vt.忍受
参考例句:
  • You must abide by the results of your mistakes.你必须承担你的错误所造成的后果。
  • If you join the club,you have to abide by its rules.如果你参加俱乐部,你就得遵守它的规章。
79 adoption UK7yu     
n.采用,采纳,通过;收养
参考例句:
  • An adoption agency had sent the boys to two different families.一个收养机构把他们送给两个不同的家庭。
  • The adoption of this policy would relieve them of a tremendous burden.采取这一政策会给他们解除一个巨大的负担。
80 input X6lxm     
n.输入(物);投入;vt.把(数据等)输入计算机
参考例句:
  • I will forever be grateful for his considerable input.我将永远感激他的大量投入。
  • All this information had to be input onto the computer.所有这些信息都必须输入计算机。
81 incentive j4zy9     
n.刺激;动力;鼓励;诱因;动机
参考例句:
  • Money is still a major incentive in most occupations.在许多职业中,钱仍是主要的鼓励因素。
  • He hasn't much incentive to work hard.他没有努力工作的动机。
82 mechanisms d0db71d70348ef1c49f05f59097917b8     
n.机械( mechanism的名词复数 );机械装置;[生物学] 机制;机械作用
参考例句:
  • The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms. 这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • He explained how the two mechanisms worked. 他解释这两台机械装置是如何工作的。 来自《简明英汉词典》
83 defense AxbxB     
n.防御,保卫;[pl.]防务工事;辩护,答辩
参考例句:
  • The accused has the right to defense.被告人有权获得辩护。
  • The war has impacted the area with military and defense workers.战争使那个地区挤满了军队和防御工程人员。
84 shameful DzzwR     
adj.可耻的,不道德的
参考例句:
  • It is very shameful of him to show off.他向人炫耀自己,真不害臊。
  • We must expose this shameful activity to the newspapers.我们一定要向报社揭露这一无耻行径。
85 convene QpSzZ     
v.集合,召集,召唤,聚集,集合
参考例句:
  • The Diet will convene at 3p.m. tomorrow.国会将于明天下午三点钟开会。
  • Senior officials convened in October 1991 in London.1991年10月,高级官员在伦敦会齐。
86 participation KS9zu     
n.参与,参加,分享
参考例句:
  • Some of the magic tricks called for audience participation.有些魔术要求有观众的参与。
  • The scheme aims to encourage increased participation in sporting activities.这个方案旨在鼓励大众更多地参与体育活动。
87 realization nTwxS     
n.实现;认识到,深刻了解
参考例句:
  • We shall gladly lend every effort in our power toward its realization.我们将乐意为它的实现而竭尽全力。
  • He came to the realization that he would never make a good teacher.他逐渐认识到自己永远不会成为好老师。
88 forth Hzdz2     
adv.向前;向外,往外
参考例句:
  • The wind moved the trees gently back and forth.风吹得树轻轻地来回摇晃。
  • He gave forth a series of works in rapid succession.他很快连续发表了一系列的作品。
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