中共中央、国务院关于转发农业部《关于我国乡镇企业情况和今后改
文章来源: 文章作者: 发布时间:2007-05-19 05:57 字体: [ ]  进入论坛
(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
 

(March 11, 1997)
颁布日期:19970311  实施日期:19970311  颁布单位:中共中央、 国务院

  The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council approve the

  Township and village enterprises are a great creation of the Chinese peasants. Township and village enterprises have witnessed rapid growth and scored tremendous achievements since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Township and village enterprises have become the backbone1 force of rural economy and a strong pillar of the national economy having made great contributions to diversion of surplus labor2 power in the rural areas, increase in peasants' income and input3 in agriculture, consolidation4 and strengthening of the collective economy and the building of affluent5civilized6 and prosperous new socialist7 rural areas; having played an important role in increasing effective supply of society, promoting the country's industrialization, enhancing the nation's comprehensive power, consolidating8 the worker peasant alliance and ensuring social stability; and having explored a successful path for the satisfactory resolution of the problem of agriculture, the rural areas and peasants and promoting economic restructuring, and national socio-economic development in a big agricultural country like China where peasants constitute the vast majority. Development of township and village enterprises are a major strategic option for the promotion9 of China's socialist modernization10 and making the country strong and the people rich.

  The coming fifteen years are a crucial period in China's socialist modernization during which township and village enterprises shoulder new historical responsibilities.

  In the eastern regions emphasis should be on improvement and development should be achieved in the process of development; in the central and western regions stress should be on sustained rapid growth and improvement made in the process of development. In the eastern regions efforts should be made to actively11 develop technology-intensive and capital-intensive industries and outward-oriented economy, push enterprises in the expansion of scales, upgrading technical levels and grades of products, transfer step by step labor-intensive and resource-processing industries to the central and western regions so as to accelerate the pace of development there. Actively implement12 the east-west cooperation strategy. The eastern regions and the central and western regions should strengthen association and cooperation, embark13 on the road of development with the east leading the west, the west pushing the east and mutual14 advancement15 hand in hand on the basis of the principle of complementing17 one another with one's own advantages, reciprocity and mutual benefit and sincere cooperation so as to narrow step by step the gap in economic development among regions. The policy of encouraging the subsidization, development and stimulation18 of agriculture by industry should be continuously perfected. Actively set up enterprises with agricultural produce and sideline products processing and distribution as the driving force, realize integration19 of cultivation20, breeding and processing and integration of trade, industry of agriculture, promote industrialized and intensive management and operations of agriculture, to encourage the peasants and enterprises to form community of interests, to realize increment21 in value and benefit of farm produce and increase in peasants income. Resources should be developed and exploited rationally, pollution actively prevented and treated, and resources, environment and cultivated lands protected in real earnest. Industries structures should be adjusted rationally, distribution of enterprises optimized23 by relying on scientific and technological24 advancement, strengthen enterprise management and resolve in good earnest a number of questions such as low-level repetition in construction, dispersion in distribution, extensive operation, unsatisfactory management and low efficiency in certain localities and enterprises.

  The Party and the State carry out the policy of “giving active support, making rational planning, providing guidance according to the conditions of different categories and effect administration in accordance with law” with regard to township and village enterprises. Party and government leaders at all levels should, standing25 at the strategic height of reform and opening up and building socialism with Chinese characteristics, fully26 realize the great and profound significance of developing township and village enterprises and unswervingly promote the reform, development and upgrading of township and village enterprises. Township and village enterprises should be integrated into the overall plan for national socio-economic development, and practical and feasible policy measures worked out, and efforts intensified27 to render support to them and good external environment created for them. Party Committees and governments at all levels should strengthen leadership in real earnest, take the development of township and village enterprises as a strategic focus in bringing prosperity to the rural economy and the national economy as a whole, place it high on the agenda, study regularly the emerging situation, new conditions and fresh experiences in the development of township and village enterprises and make timely decisions in respect of a number of major issues and resolve the difficulties and problems in the process of reform and development. Laws, regulations and policy measures related to township and village enterprises should be implemented28 in all seriousness. The burden of township and village enterprises should be lightened in real earnest and the legitimate29 rights and interests of township and village enterprises protected. Administrative30 agencies for township and village enterprises should be further perfected to give full play to their functional31 roles in planning, guidance, administration, supervision32coordination33 and services. All departments concerned should go all out, cooperate and coordinate34 with one another in providing stronger support for the development of township and village enterprises, promote, guide, protect and standardize35 the development of township and village enterprises in the realization36 of the Nineth Five-Year Plan and the 2010 Perspective Goals of the country's national socio-economic development and making new greater contributions to China's socialist modernization.

  Appendix: REPORT ON THE SUGGESTIONS WITH REGARD TO THE CONDITIONS OF TOWNSHIP AND VILLAGE ENTERPRISES IN CHINA AND THEIR FUTURE REFORM AND DEVELOPMENT (Ministry37 of Agriculture, January 31, 1997)

  Since the implementation38 of the policy of reform and opening up and under the guidance of Deng Xiaoping's theory of building socialism with Chinese characteristics and the Party's basic line, township and village enterprises have witnessed vigorous development in China and scored achievements which have become the focus of people's attention. In the coming fifteen years, township and village enterprises are faced with new situation and shouldering heavy historical responsibilities in the process of the implementation of

  I. BASIC SITUATION CONCERNING THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOWNSHIP AND VILLAGE ENTERPRISES SINCE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE POLICY OF REFORM AND OPENING UP

  Township and village enterprises have developed and grown since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. In particular, in the decade or more since the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council transmitted in 1984

  They Are a Staunch Pillar Strengthening Rural Collective Economy. In 1995, the increment value of township and village enterprises accounted for 56% of the entire rural social increment value and in the coastal40 regions and the suburbs of big cities it accounted for over two third. Collective assets of township and village enterprises account for 77% of the total rural collective assets which have strongly consolidated41 and strengthened the socialist collective economy.

  They Are a Strong Guarantee for the Realization of Peasants' Well-to-do Life. In 1995, the wage paid by township and village enterprises to workers and staff members amounted to RMB 438 billion Yuan with 50% of the net increase of the peasants' per capita net income from township and village enterprises. Development of township and village enterprises constitutes an important force and a measure treating the root-cause in reducing peasants' burden and development for poverty eradication42. Peasants' income increases faster, their burden relatively43 lighter44 and there are less poverty-stricken people in localities where township and village enterprises are more developed.

  They Provide a Main Channel for the Absorption of Rural Surplus Labor. In 1995, 128 million people were employed in township and village enterprises, taking up 28% of rural labor force. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, 35 million people were employed by township and village enterprises, alleviating45 employment pressure in China while creating conditions for agricultural operations run on a moderate scale and raising labor productivity.

  They Provide the Material Foundation for the Promotion of Modernization of Agriculture. The development of township and village enterprises has increased input into agriculture, provided large amount of means of production for agriculture and strongly supported the development of agriculture with increment value through farm produce processing and subsidization, development and stimulation of agriculture by industry. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, funds from township and village enterprises for subsidization and development of agriculture, construction related to agriculture and various rural undertakings46 amounted to over RMB 100 billion Yuan.

  They are an Effective Force for the Increase in Effective Supply of Society. Production and operations of township and village enterprises involve almost all the domains47 of the national economy. At present, numerous products of township and village enterprises especially the daily consumer goods occupy quite a big percentage, for instance, electronics and communications equipment manufacture accounts for 17%, machinery48 takes up 26%, coal 40%, cement 40%, foods stuffs and beverages49 43%, garments 80%, small- and medium-size farm implements50 95% and bricks and tiles 95%, thus making a historic contribution to the prosperity of urban and rural markets in China.

  They Constitute an Important Wing in Promoting the Country's Industrialization. In 1995, the increment value of township and village industries reached RMB 1080.4 billion Yuan, accounting51 for 44% of national industries increment value. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, 50% of the net increase in national industries increment value came from township and village enterprises. Urban and rural industries depend on and support each other, integrate with each other and promote each other, opening up a new path of industrialization with Chinese characteristics and accelerating the process of China's industrialization.

  They are an Effective Way of Enhancing China's Comprehensive National Power. In 1995, revenue from business operations of township and village enterprises nationwide reached RMB 5729.9 billion Yuan; increment value accomplished52 amounted to RMB 1459.5 billion Yuan, accounting for over a quarter of GDP; shipped value of export commodities was RMB 539.5 billion Yuan, taking up 34% of national export volume; taxes paid to the State were RMB 128 billion Yuan, accounting for 25% of the country's tax revenue. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, 30% of China's GDP came from township and village enterprises. Development of township and village enterprises has enhanced China's overall economic strength.

  They Constitute an Important Factor of Social Stability. Development of township and village enterprises has enabled large amount of rural surplus labor to have stable occupations and income, provided the material foundation for the building of government power at the grass-roots level in the rural areas and enhanced the cohesive53 power of the Party organizations and government institutions at the grass-roots level in the rural areas.

  They Provide Strong Positions for Cultivation of Spiritual Civilization in the Rural Areas. Development of township and village enterprises has promoted the building of small townships and the growth of such undertakings as science, culture and education, narrowed the gap between the cities and rural areas and the gap between workers and peasants, consolidated the worker peasant alliance, raised the quality of peasants, and trained a huge industrial army. All this has played an important irreplaceable role in the cultivation of spiritual civilization in the rural areas.

  What warrants special attention is the fact that township and village enterprises have formed a whole set of unique and flexible mechanisms55 by persevering56 in the organization of production and business operations guided by the market with elements of production from the market and products to the market. They include the independent and rapid decision-making mechanism54, the in-and-out labor employment mechanism, the up-and-down cadre mechanism, the salary-efficiency related distribution mechanism, the clearly-defined reward and penalty incentive57 mechanism, the self-responsible profit-loss restraining mechanism and the self-accumulation development mechanism, etc…… The principle that the enterprises will not eat from “the big pot”, workers and staff members will not have “iron rice bowls” and cadres will not sit in “iron chairs” is adhered to. All this has made useful explorations and provided valuable experiences for the establishment of socialist market economic system in China.

  In 1996, township and village enterprises nationwide continued to maintain a good momentum58, continued to grow through reform and moved steadily59 forward through overcoming difficulties with moderate growth in major economic targets, making a good beginning for the launch of the Nineth Five-Year Plan. It was estimated that revenue from business operations during the year would come to RMB 6800 billion Yuan, an 18.7% increase of the preceding year; increment value accomplished reached RMB 1770 billion Yuan among which increment value of industries was RMB 1300 billion Yuan, an increase of 16.5% and 18.5% respectively of the preceding year; total profit RMB 430 billion Yuan, an increase of 16.3%; taxes paid to the State RMB 150 billion Yuan, an increase of 17.2%; newly-emplaced labor over 3.5 million persons, total number of workers and staff members 132 million people. All this has played an important supporting role in the sustained development of the rural economy and the entire national economy.

  Facts have proved that township and village enterprises have become the main body of China's rural economy and an important pillar of the national economy, forming an important component60 part of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. Their rise and growth in strength have not only brought about a profound change in the rural economy and the entire national economy, but also opened up a new path to realize modernization of agriculture and the rural areas step by step, accelerate the process of the country's industrialization, promote reform, opening up and sustained development of the economy in an agricultural power like China where peasants constitute the vast majority. It is a logical path in line with the state of the nation and the people's wishes.

  Despite the great achievements of township and village enterprises, there also exist many problems and difficulties in the process of reform and development. Judging from township and village enterprises themselves, firstly, some localities blindly embarked61 on projects of general-purpose industries, started new projects and engaged in low-level repetitive construction, structure of industries and products was not rational and distribution of enterprises was over-dispersed62secondly63, property rights of a number of enterprises have not been clearly defined, there is no distinction between the government and the enterprises, the mechanism is weak, causing loss of collective assets; thirdly, some enterprises exercise extensive management, their operations are unsatisfactory, there are heavy debt, high material and energy consumption, serious danger of occupational illnesses and hidden causes of accidents, poor product quality and economic efficiency; fourthly, there are serious cases of environment pollution, waste of resources and squandering64 of cultivated land by a number of enterprises. Viewed from the external environment, there is lack of understanding of the great significance of the development of township and village enterprises, lack of support and lack of strong measures in some localities and departments where policies are not in place and the development of township and village enterprises has up till now not been placed in an important position; in quite a number of localities there has been irrational65 overburdening of township and village enterprises, there exist universal phenomena66 of unjustified financial levies67, charges, penalties and fund-raising; still there are certain localities and departments engaging in arbitrary transfer of the assets of township and village enterprises, changing the nature of ownership of enterprises and infringing68 on the legitimate rights and interests of the enterprises; some localities indiscriminately cut and merged69 administrative departments of township and village enterprises. In particular, there exist quite a few difficulties in the building of administrative organs at the township and village level where management power is weak and the ranks unstable70. In addition, there are great imbalances among regions and there are still quite a big gap in the development between the eastern regions and the central and western regions. These problems of township and village enterprises in the process of reform and development warrant great attention and must be resolved in a serious manner.

  II. GOALS, TASKS AND MAJOR MEASURES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOWNSHIP AND VILLAGE ENTERPRISES IN THE NEXT FIFTEEN YEARS

  Township and village enterprises constitute an important point of growth full of vigor39 in China's rural economy and national economy and shoulder heavy, new historic responsibilities in the process of implementation of

  It is not only necessary but also completely possible that township and village enterprises achieve a new and bigger development and upgrading. During the past dozen of years, township and village enterprises have acquired considerable strength, accumulated rich experiences and provided the foundation for development and upgrading; rich resources of farm produce, minerals and large pool of surplus labor in China's rural areas have provided the necessary conditions for development and upgrading; the growing enthusiasm and creativeness of hundreds of millions of peasants to eradicate71 poverty, become rich and strive for well-to-do living standards is the powerful inherent driving force for development and upgrading; implementation of

  In the next fifteen years, township and village enterprises should achieve faster growth in economic aggregate72 and bigger upgrading in overall standards. During the Nineth Five-Year Plan period, the average annual growth rate of increment value of township and village enterprises can be maintained at around 15%. Efforts should be made to realize the increment value of township and village enterprises to the tune73 of RMB 3,000 billion Yuan by the year 2000, increment value of industries amounting to RMB 2,000 billion Yuan, shipped value of export commodities reaching around RMB 1,000 billion Yuan, newly-emplaced rural surplus labor force 30 million people, and number of persons engaged reaching 160 million people. Township and village enterprises should continue to maintain a good momentum of development by 2010.

  To realize the a fore-said goals and tasks, the general guidelines for the reform and development of township and village enterprises are: taking Deng Xiao-ping's theory of building socialism with Chinese characteristics and the Party's basic line as the guidance, putting into practice seriously the spirit of the Fifth and Sixth Plenary Sessions of the Fourteenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, implementing74

  Development of township and village enterprises should, in real earnest, shift to the track of relying on scientific and technological advancement and improving the quality of laborers75, improve scale economic efficiency and technological advancement efficiency, scientific management efficiency and optimized structure efficiency, embarking76 on a path of development with less input, more output, good quality and high efficiency. The eastern regions should lay stress on improvement, seeking development in improvement; the central and western regions should put emphasis on development, seeking improvement in development.

  (1) Keep on deepening enterprise reform. Deepening reform of township and village enterprises must adhere to the standards that they are in the interest of the development of the national economy, the enhancement of the comprehensive national power and improvement in the living standards of the people, and earnestly carry out the principle of “rendering77 active support, providing correct guidance, summing up experiences and gradual standardization” laid down by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council, respect the practice, creation and options of peasants, actively make explorations and innovations and lay stress on practical results. There can be diversified78 forms of reform. Enterprises having the required conditions can form limited liability companies, companies limited by shares or enterprise groups; ordinary collective enterprises can perfect the contracting system or practise cooperative share system; small, low-profit and profit-losing enterprises can go through reorganization of through leasing, auction79, association, merger80 and bankruptcy81. No matter which form is followed, the following points must be adhered to: first, separation of functions and responsibilities of the government and the enterprise with the government shifting from direct administration of production and business operations to macro planning, guidance, administration, supervision, coordination and services, turning enterprises into main body of the market within dependent operations, being responsible for their own gains and losses, self-restraining and self-development. Second, optimization82 of internal operational mechanism and incentive mechanism of enterprises to give full play to the enthusiasm of owners, operators and workers, enabling them to make greater contributions to the development of enterprises on their own initiative. Third, assurance of value preservation83 and increase of collective assets of enterprises and assurance of no loss. In recent years, many township and village enterprises have adopted the cooperative shares system which is effective in enhancing the vitality84 of enterprises and improving economic efficiency. There can be diverse forms of cooperative shares system. Cooperative shares system can be followed by newly-established township and village enterprises including those jointly86 run by peasants themselves and those cooperatively run by peasants with joint85 investment with the state-owned enterprises, collective township enterprises and enterprises with foreign investment. Transformation87 from individually-owned, privately-run and joint partnership88 enterprises to cooperative shares system should be encouraged and guided. Reorganization of rural collective enterprises into enterprises of cooperative shares system by adopting the practice of increment and expansion of shares which is instrumental to increase of capital of enterprises and should be encouraged; in the meantime, various forms can be explored to revitalize the stock. The practice of privatization of collective assets is impermissible and should be rectified89 by doing a good job. A thorough appraisal90 of properties and funds of existing collective assets of township and village enterprises should be conducted, their property rights registered and system of audit91 supervision set up to earnestly prevent the loss of collective assets.

  (2) Promote in a big way scientific and technological advancement. Township and village enterprises should keep on increasing the rate of contribution of scientific and technological advancement to economic growth by actively adopting new technologies, new techniques, new equipment and new materials, accelerating technical transformation, continuously develop new products and make products with advanced technology. New input by township and village enterprises of all localities especially by those of the eastern regions should mainly be used for their technical transformation and equipment renewal92. Keep on carrying out technical transformation and innovation depending on the existing scientific research and development institutions. Encouragement should be given to those enterprises that have the required conditions to set up their own scientific research institutes to keep upgrading their capabilities93 in digestion94, absorption and innovation of technologies. Accelerate the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements, actively make use of patented technologies and extend advanced suitable technologies. Enterprises having the required conditions should develop new high-tech95 industries in a big way. Economic and technological cooperation of various forms should be carried out with the state-owned enterprises, scientific research institutions and universities and colleges. Actively promote integrated operation of science, industry and trade to realize complementarily of one another's advantages, joint development and improvement.

  Great importance should be attached to the training and induction96 of qualified97 personnel to train a huge army of qualified personnel for township and village enterprises. The upbringing and training of a vast number of operators and administrators98 of township and village enterprises who have high political quality, strong pioneering spirit, are good at business operations and management and dedicated99 to the cause should be taken up as important work. Various forms and channels should be used to train qualified applicable personnel who can apply their knowledge and stay on in township and village enterprises through vocational training schools, short training courses and community-run schools to step up vocational training of rural youth and keep on expanding the reserve pool of qualified personnel for township and village enterprises. Effective measures should be taken to actively induct talents of various types. Strive to create an environment and mechanism favorable to the upbringing, induction, employment and protection of qualified personnel.

  (3) Earnestly strengthen operational management. Scientific management should be treated as a key link in the survival, development and transformation of the mode of economic growth of enterprises, and enterprises should be guided to improve their internal functions in a down-to-earth manner. Actively promote systematic100standardized101 and scientific enterprise management. Handle well base-level management, specialized102 management and on-the-spot management of enterprises. Actively promote modern management, and raise scientific management level. Formulate103 sound rules of management which should be strictly104 enforced. Establish and perfect rules of democratic management and supervision of enterprises, and suggestions of broad masses of workers and staff members should be heeded105 on major issues of enterprises. Improvement in quality and efficiency should be brought about through enhanced management and reduction of material and energy consumption. Attention should be paid to draw on methodology of advanced management at home and abroad. Innovations should be continuously made in the contents, methods, means and measures of enterprise management and scientific management system established. Quality control should be singled out to be handled well, quality consciousness enhanced, total quality control practised and quality assurance system established and perfected. Accounting management should be handled earnestly to reduce cost and improve the rate of turnover106 of funds and efficiency in fund utilization107. Keep to sound labor and personnel management and labor discipline should be strictly enforced. Strive to do a good job of production safety and vocational health, establish sound responsibility system of safety target management and mechanism of safety supervision to create a good environment for production and work.

  (4) Strive for optimization of industries and products structure. The structure should be adjusted rationally in the light of market demand, state industrial policy and local resources dominance. Continue to pursue simultaneous development of diverse industries, develop dominant108 industries and products, actively stimulate109 the primary industry, adjust and optimize22 the secondary industry and accelerate the development of the tertiary industry to promote coordinated110 development of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries in rural areas. Efforts should be made to establish intensive agro-enterprises. Particular attention should be paid to the exploitation of resource dominance of farm produce and by-products, effect a big development of processing industry of farm produce and by-products and storage, refrigeration and transportation, realize integration of farming, culture and processing, integration of production, supply and marketing111, integration of agriculture, industry and commerce and integration of trade, industry and agriculture, stable economic links are established between peasants and enterprises forming community of interests, building a bridge between farm households and the market, forming the pattern under which the market leads the “dragon head”(driving force), the “dragon head” builds up bases and peasants are linked up with the bases, thus stimulating112 enterprise-like, intensive and industrialized management of agriculture. This will help reduce the natural risks and market risks for agriculture, help resolve the problem of low efficiency in agriculture, and promote increase in value, profit and benefit of farm produce, form a be nigh cycle between township and village enterprises and agriculture. Township and village enterprises enjoy unique advantages and have great potential in the development of processing industry of farm produce and by-products. Further reform of the distribution system of farm produce should be carried out and positive encouragement, support and guidance given to township and village enterprises especially those in major food grain and cotton producing areas to take the processing industry of farm produce and by-products as a strategic focus bearing an orientation113 which should be firmly grasped and implemented with effectiveness.

  Investment structure should be optimized and new investment should mainly be used in the technological transformation of existing enterprises and development of new products. Efforts should be made to proceed from a high starting point, high efficiency, low consumption and low pollution, and avoid blindness when embarking on new projects, not to engage in low-level repetitive construction. Actively apply modern technologies in the transformation of such traditional industries as raw materials, energy, construction materials, agro-industry, light industries and textiles; in localities where there are required conditions, such base and pillar industries as electrical-mechanical, chemical and metallurgical industries should be developed from a higher starting point, and guidance provided to township and village enterprises for the development of new high-tech industries on priority basis. Efforts should be made to adapt to changes in domestic and world markets, accelerate the adjustment of structure of products, increase varieties and specifications114, improve the quality and grade of products, strive to create brand name products so as to enhance market competitiveness. Keep on developing new products and brand name and unique best quality products which are low in resource consumption, environment-friendly, high in increment value and made with advanced technology. Actively develop such tertiary industries as commerce, communications and transport, food and beverages, tourism, services and information. Bring into play the advantages of township and village enterprises, make use of domestic and international resources, domestic and world markets, greatly develop outward-oriented economy, adjust the structure of export products and improve their quality and grades.

  (5) Persevere115 in the simultaneous development of big-, medium- and small size enterprises. Keep on optimizing116 the organizational structures of township and village enterprises, actively foster big- and medium-size township and village enterprises, develop scale economy and guide a number of enterprises to develop in the direction of large-scale, high-tech and export-oriented enterprises. Continue to promote horizontal economic and technological association, encourage formation and founding of various types of transregional trans trade and trans ownership enterprise groups integrating production and business operations, sci-tech development and domestic and foreign trade with backbone enterprises as the driving force supported by brand products and with assets as the links to improve scale merit. The numerous medium- and small-size township and village enterprises should take the road of small, specialized production and socialized coordination. Township and village enterprises must enhance their market adapt ability and competitiveness.

  (6) Actively guide development in concentrated belts. Great attention should be paid to the transformation from the previous dispersed layout to relatively concentrated belts in the development of township and village enterprises which should be interdependent between industrial sub-areas and building of small townships, and they should promote each other to seek joint development so as to economize117 land, reduce input into public facilities, protect and build up the environment, improve the clustering effect, stimulate the development of the tertiary industry and increase the capacity for employment. All localities should have overall planning, formulate corresponding incentive policies, strengthen the infrastructure118, guide township and village enterprises in organic combination with the building of industrial sub-areas and small townships to promote coordinated socio-economic development.

  (7) Continue to promote east-west cooperation. Township and village enterprises in the eastern regions which have a good foundation should bring into play the edge in funds, qualified personnel, management and regional position, develop in a big way technology-intensive and capital intensive industries and outward-oriented economy, exert efforts to push the enterprises to expand scale, upgrade technical standards and product grade and gradually shift a number of labor-intensive resource-processing industries to the central and western regions under the criteria119 of optimal120 industrial and product structures. The central and western regions should bring into full play their advantages in natural resources and labor power, greatly develop resource-processing and labor-intensive industries, raise levels of deep processing and fine processing, raise the added value of products and accelerate the pace of development. The eastern, central and western regions must adhere to the principle of complement16 arity of each other's advantages and mutual benefit and reciprocity, enhance association and coordination, fully implement demonstration121 projects of east-west cooperation with each displaying its own advantages in joint development and cut a path of joint development hand in hand with east leading west and west pushing east.

  (8) Attache importance to the protection of resources and environment. Township and village enterprises must resolutely122 implement the sustainable development strategy, pay great attention to the rational development and exploitation of resources, protection of cultivated land and environment, and must not indiscriminately occupy cultivated land, destroy resources and must not take to the road of pollution first and treatment later. Rationally develop and exploit mineral resources. Those township and village enterprises engaging in exploitation of resources must enter into registration123 in accordance with law and obtain a license124, and carry out standardized operations. The rules of examination and approval for the use of land must be strictly observed. Where there is waste land and land with inferior soil which can be made use of, no cultivated land and land with good soil should be occupied. Construction or development of projects having adverse125 effects on the environment by township and village enterprises must strictly observe the rules of environmental impact evaluation126. No construction or development should be undertaken without authorization127 without conducting evaluation or without approval of the evaluation report. Pollution prevention and treatment facilities in the construction project must have simultaneous design, construction and operation with the main body. No production technique and equipment with serious pollution unequivocally prohibited by the State should be used, and no production and business operations of products causing serious pollution unequivocally prohibited by the State should be undertaken. Emission128 of pollutants129 exceeding the prescribed standards of the State and localities must be treated within a certain time period. Those failing to meet the standards for treatment on expiration130 of the time limit should be firmly shut down, suspended of operations, amalgamated131 with other enterprises or switched to the manufacture of other products.

  III. CONTINUE TO CREATE A FAVORABLE POLICY ENVIRONMENT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOWNSHIP AND VILLAGE ENTERPRISES

  Since the implementation of the policy of reform and opening up, the series of policies of the Party and the State concerning rendering active support to township and village enterprises have greatly motivated the enthusiasm and creativeness of the broad masses of peasants and strongly promoted, guided, protected and standardized the reform and development of township and village enterprises. All regions and departments must earnestly implement those policies and carry out the policy of “rendering active support, making rational planning, providing guidance according to conditions of different categories and enforcing administration in accordance with law”, and strive to create a favorable policy environment for the reform and development of township and village enterprises.

  (1) Persevere in the joint development of various economic elements with collective economy as the leading factor. Development of township and village enterprises should continue to follow the principle of joint development of “multi-wheel drive and multi-track operation” run by the xiang(town), village (including villagers' groups), associated households(including peasants' cooperatives) and individual households(namely individually operated and private-owned), as well as joint ventures, cooperative ventures and associated enterprises. Diverse forms should be adopted to develop the collective economy. Various cooperative enterprises run by peasants, so long as they keep public accumulation funds and practise “to each according to his work” and democratic management, are all new types of economy with socialist collective ownership which deserve enthusiastic support. Actively explore effective forms for the realization of the collective economy and encourage the development of enterprises with cooperative shares system and shares system. Encourage and guide the development of individually-operated enterprises, private-owned enterprises, joint ventures, cooperative ventures and associated enterprises in rural areas. Ownership rights and decision making rights in business operations of township and village enterprises shall be protected in accordance with law and no unit and individual shall infringe132 on or take over the properties of township and village enterprises.

  (2) Encourage and give key support to the economically less developed regions, old revolutionary areas and minority nationality regions to develop township and village enterprises. Township and village enterprises and other economic organizations in economically developed regions should be encouraged to adopt various forms in support of the economically less developed regions, old revolutionary areas and minority nationality regions in the establishment of township and village enterprises. Special-purpose loans, discount interest loans for east-west cooperative demonstration projects, discount interest loans for township and village enterprises in minority nationality regions and development loans for poverty eradication should all be in place in full amount on time, and should be increased year by year. Whoever going to establish township and village enterprises in economically less developed regions, old revolutionary areas and minority nationality regions will be entitled to the preferential policies laid down by the State and local governments.

  (3) Encourage and support township and village enterprises to raise funds for development through diverse forms and multi-channels as prescribed. Township and village enterprises must first of all attache importance to their own accumulation, perfect the development mechanism of self-accumulation, and the after-tax profit of enterprises should mainly be used for the purpose of expansion of reproduction. Overgrowth of consumption funds should be strictly controlled. The range of growth of workers' and staff members' income should not exceed the range of improvement of labor productivity of enterprises. Adhere to the coexistence of various forms of distribution with “to each according to his work” as the main form and the difference in the distribution of income between the operators and workers and staff members should not be too great. Expand channels for the accomodation of funds, tap into sources of funds, positively133 and rationally introduce foreign funds and adopt diverse forms to absorb idle funds of society in accordance with relevant regulations of the State. Encourage peasants to take part in direct accomodation of funds in forms of shareholding134 through fund-raising, joint ventures, cooperative ventures and co-partnerships in the founding of enterprises.

  (4) Encourage and support the development of township and village enterprises by employing credit and financial means. All banks, credit unions and other non-bank financial institutions should, in accordance with the principle of “treating the cases in the light of different circumstances, providing support on the basis of merit and giving priority to efficiency,” actively support the development of township and village enterprises and increase credit input year by year. Governments at all levels should arrange a certain amount of financial turnover fund every year to give key support to the technological transformation, development of new products, foreign exchange earnings135 through export and processing of farm produce and by-products. Encourage and support People's Governments at all levels to set up township and village enterprise development funds in accordance with

  (5) Continue to provide tax support to township and village enterprises in accordance with provisions of the State. Township and village enterprises must pay taxes in strict accordance with law and make full payment of taxes on time. All tax reduction and exemption136 policies formulated137 by the State in support of or applicable to township and village enterprises should be earnestly implemented. For township and village enterprises' social expenditure138 for the purpose of subsidizing and building agriculture and subsidizing the rural areas, corresponding reduction should be made from the payable139 tax amount. Township and village enterprises in the central and western regions so long as their products are of high quality and sell well and there are reliable measures for pollution treatment and resources and environment protection, can be exempted140 from the regulatory tax for fixed141 asset investment direction not to be subjected to the restrictions142 of the scale of the projects. Township and village enterprises in old revolutionary areas, minority nationality regions, border regions and poor areas determined143 by the State can be reduced of or exempted from enterprise income tax within a fixed time period and enjoy tax preferences prescribed by the tax law.

  (6) Actively encourage and support the training of qualified personnel. Training of qualified personnel for township and village enterprises should be integrated into the overall education development plan at all levels. All types of institutions of higher and secondary education should actively create conditions to provide continuing education and qualifications education for workers and staff members of township and village enterprises to improve the scientific, technical and cultural quality and professional skills of workers and staff members. Encourage co-founding of township and village enterprise colleges(departments) and specialities in diverse forms with the support of existing institutions of higher and secondary education and other training institutions, and governments at all levels should render support in funds. Qualifications of graduates from qualified township and village enterprise colleges and schools can be recognized with the approval of the departments of education administration. Adopt strong measures to continue to encourage the flow of all types of qualified personnel to township and village enterprises. Administrative, personnel and labor departments of township and village enterprises should conduct evaluation and determination of technical titles and appraisal of technical skills of workers and staff members with reference to relevant provisions of the State and issue certificates of qualifications for specialized technical positions and certificates of professional qualifications recognized by the State.

  enterprises which have high efficiency and earn more foreign exchange in credit, energy, qualified personnel and technologies. Those township and village enterprises which meet the required conditions should be given import-export operations right, and standards for the grant of import-export right for township and village enterprises in the central and western regions should be appropriately relaxed. Encourage and support those township and village enterprises that have low export cost and earn more foreign exchange in the use of export product licenses144. Continue to step up the construction of export commodities bases of the integrated trade, industry and agriculture entities145, discount interest loans for integrated trade, industry and agriculture entities should be granted on the basis of merit, and all localities must ensure that the matching funds are in place. Guide and encourage township and village enterprises to actively and rationally introduce foreign funds, advanced technologies and management methods. Departments of township and village enterprise administration and departments of foreign trade and economic cooperation at all levels should step up guidance, administration, supervision, coordination and services with regard to “three-capital” township and village enterprises(i.e., those run with foreign funds only, Chinese-foreign joint ventures and cooperative enterprises)。

  (8) Accelerate technological transformation and sci-tech development. For projects of technological transformation, development of new products and sci-tech development of township and village enterprises, the departments concerned should give necessary support. Intensify146 step by step efforts in loan and investment support for big- and medium-size township and village enterprises that meet the required conditions and engage in processing of farm produce and by-products, agro-industries and earn foreign exchange through export. Funds required for development of new products and sci-tech development should be listed and expended147 in terms of actual amount in accordance with provisions. The annual rate of depreciation148 of fixed assets of township and village enterprises should be appropriately increased in accordance with relevant provisions of the State. Township and village enterprises should increase input of sci-tech funds and accelerate the pace of sci-tech advancement.

  (9) Encourage and support treatment of environment pollution. The departments concerned should give support to township and village enterprises in expenses required for pollution treatment and protection of the ecosystems149. Pollutants discharge fees of township and village enterprises shall be collected in strict accordance relevant provisions of the State. Supervision of collection, payment, management and use of the pollutants discharge fees should be stepped up to ensure that they focus on the treatment of major pollution sources of township and village enterprises, subsidization of management, education, investigation150 and monitoring in environment protection of township and village enterprises.

  (10) Lighten in real earnest the burden of township and village enterprises. Legitimate rights and interests of township and village enterprises should be protected in accordance with law and all acts of exacerbating151 the burden of township and village enterprises should be firmly curbed152. No departments and units shall indiscriminately collect fees, impose unjustified financial levies and arbitrary penalties and indiscriminately raise funds, nor shall they, in any form and name, seek sponsorship, engage in evaluation and contest to exacerbate153 the burden of enterprises. Village cadres must not indulge in indiscriminate expenditure from rural collective enterprises. Investigations154 and settlements should be effected with regard to the burden of township and village enterprises for the determination of rational items and gradual realization of aggregate control and restrictions in items and amount. Departments of township and village enterprise administration shall, in conjunction with departments of disciplinary inspection155, supervision, planning, finance and price, work out specific measures for supervision and control. Those failing to carry out the directives and in violation156 of prohibitions157 shall be seriously investigated and dealt with.

  All regions and departments should formulate corresponding policy measures in connection with the new situation and new problems emerging from the reform and development of township and village enterprises.

  IV. EARNESTLY STRENGTHEN LEADERSHIP OF TOWNSHIP AND VILLAGE ENTERPRISES

  To achieve a great development of township and village enterprises is a major strategic decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council taking into consideration the state of the nation. Party committees and governments at all levels should continue to take the development of township and village enterprises as a strategic focus in bringing prosperity to the rural economy and the entire national economy and place it on the agenda as an important item. Main Party and government leaders at all levels must attend to affairs related to township and village enterprises in person and make overall arrangement by integrating township and village enterprises into the overall plan for national socio-economic development. All localities should regularly study the new situation and new conditions prevailing158 in township and village enterprises, and earnestly overcome the difficulties and resolve the problems in the process of reform and development.

  Great imbalances in economic development exist in different regions in China and conditions vary greatly. Guidance should be provided to township and village enterprises in different regions with different characteristics according to categories and should under no circumstances stick to rigid159 uniformity and rush headlong into action or indulge in formalism. Stress should be laid on practical results to see to it that practical work is done and measures are seriously implemented in practical work. Under the criteria of basing on the local resources advantages, development plan for township and village enterprises should be worked out with practical goals and workable measures. Step up guidance to reform, correctly maintain the orientation of reform, formulate policy measures and keep on deepening the reform of township and village enterprises. Serious study, repeated authentication160, scientific evaluation and direction of optimal capital input of new projects should be undertaken to combine the development of township and village enterprises with that of agriculture and the state-owned enterprises and foster the pillar industries, forming regional characteristics.

  The practices and experiences of all localities have demonstrated that development of township and village enterprises must adhere to the series of policies of the Party for the rural areas, respect peasants' initiatives and fully motivate the enthusiasm and creativeness of the broad masses of peasants; persevere in deepening the reform, perfect the operations mechanism and actively make explorations and innovations; adhere to opening up to the outside world, actively open up the domestic and international markets and strive to expand the space for survival and development; abide161 by the spirit of intensive and pioneering effort and scientifc approach, be good at seizing the opportunities and bold to combat difficulties; keep relying on science and technology, respect knowledge and talents and keep on improving one's own quality; adhere to the principle of proceeding162 from reality in the light of local conditions and take to the road of development with one's respective characteristics. With the growing deepening of reform and opening up and development of practices, all regions and departments concerned should keep on summing up fresh experiences, setup new role models, help grass-roots level and township and village enterprises build up a good leadership, find a good path and adopt good methods. Good mechanisms of township and village enterprises and rich experiences accumulated by them should be further perfected and extended.

  Importance should be attached to the strengthening of the building of the administrative organs and ranks of township and village enterprises. Departments of township and village enterprise administration at all levels which are the integrated functional departments in charge of township and village enterprises of the People's Governments at all levels must fill up their strengths in the light of their work requirements, select and appoint capable cadres to strengthen the administrative organs of township and village enterprises, provide necessary work conditions, earnestly help resolve practical problems to ensure stability of the ranks of cadres. Administrative organs at the township and village level constitute the grass-roots level and the most crucial link, all localities should, in accordance with the spirit of

  Township and village enterprises must adhere to the simultaneous building of socialist material and spiritual civilizations. Step up in real earnest the Party building of enterprises, establish and perfect Party organizations, Bring into full play the role of Party organizations as a bulwark163 and the pioneering and model role of Communist Party members. Actively train and admit those backbone business staff and backbone technical personnel who meet the qualifications into the Party organizations. Step up in good earnest ideological164, moral and cultural building, improve enterprises' ideological and political work, seriously carry on education in Party's basic line, basic policies and basic state of the nation, strengthen the building of enterprise culture, carry out activities of creating civil township and village enterprises and arm the broad masses of workers and staff members with socialist, patriotic165 and collective ideas. Carryon in-depth education in plain living and hard struggle, being diligent166frugal167 and enterprising, changing prevailing habits and customs, as well as in discipline and law-abiding, professional ethics168, science and culture, keep improving ideological moral quality and scientific and cultural level of workers and staff members, train and bring up a force of workers and staff members with high ideals, moral integrity, a better education and a strong sense of discipline, thus providing strong spiritual drive, intelligent support and ideological guarantee for the reform and development of township and village enterprises.ligent, frugal and enterprising, changing prevailing habits and customs, as well as in discipline and law-abiding, professional ethics, science and culture, keep improving ideological moral quality and scientific and cultural level of workers and staff members, train and bring up a force of workers and staff members with high ideals, moral integrity, a better education and a strong sense of discipline, thus providing strong spiritual drive, intelligent support and ideological guarantee for the reform and development of township and village enterprises.ligent, frugal and enterprising, changing prevailing habits and customs, as well as in discipline and law-abiding, professional ethics, science and culture, keep improving ideological moral quality and scientific and cultural level of workers and staff members, train and bring up a force of workers and staff members with high ideals, moral integrity, a better education and a strong sense of discipline, thus providing strong spiritual drive, intelligent support and ideological guarantee for the reform and development of township and village enterprises.ligent, frugal and enterprising, changing prevailing habits and customs, as well as in discipline and law-abiding, professional ethics, science and culture, keep improving ideological moral quality and scientific and cultural level of workers and staff members, train and bring up a force of workers and staff members with high ideals, moral integrity, a better education and a strong sense of discipline, thus providing strong spiritual drive, intelligent support and ideological guarantee for the reform and development of township and village enterprises.ligent, frugal and enterprising, changing prevailing habits and customs, as well as in discipline and law-abiding, professional ethics, science and culture, keep improving ideological moral quality and scientific and cultural level of workers and staff members, train and bring up a force of workers and staff members with high ideals, moral integrity, a better education and a strong sense of discipline, thus providing strong spiritual drive, intelligent support and ideological guarantee for the reform and development of township and village enterprises.ligent, frugal and enterprising, changing prevailing habits and customs, as well as in discipline and law-abiding, professional ethics, science and culture, keep improving ideological moral quality and scientific and cultural level of workers and staff members, train and bring up a force of workers and staff members with high ideals, moral integrity, a better education and a strong sense of discipline, thus providing strong spiritual drive, intelligent support and ideological guarantee for the reform and development of township and village enterprises.



点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 backbone ty0z9B     
n.脊骨,脊柱,骨干;刚毅,骨气
参考例句:
  • The Chinese people have backbone.中国人民有骨气。
  • The backbone is an articulate structure.脊椎骨是一种关节相连的结构。
2 labor P9Tzs     
n.劳动,努力,工作,劳工;分娩;vi.劳动,努力,苦干;vt.详细分析;麻烦
参考例句:
  • We are never late in satisfying him for his labor.我们从不延误付给他劳动报酬。
  • He was completely spent after two weeks of hard labor.艰苦劳动两周后,他已经疲惫不堪了。
3 input X6lxm     
n.输入(物);投入;vt.把(数据等)输入计算机
参考例句:
  • I will forever be grateful for his considerable input.我将永远感激他的大量投入。
  • All this information had to be input onto the computer.所有这些信息都必须输入计算机。
4 consolidation 4YuyW     
n.合并,巩固
参考例句:
  • The denser population necessitates closer consolidation both for internal and external action. 住得日益稠密的居民,对内和对外都不得不更紧密地团结起来。 来自英汉非文学 - 家庭、私有制和国家的起源
  • The state ensures the consolidation and growth of the state economy. 国家保障国营经济的巩固和发展。 来自汉英非文学 - 中国宪法
5 affluent 9xVze     
adj.富裕的,富有的,丰富的,富饶的
参考例句:
  • He hails from an affluent background.他出身于一个富有的家庭。
  • His parents were very affluent.他的父母很富裕。
6 civilized UwRzDg     
a.有教养的,文雅的
参考例句:
  • Racism is abhorrent to a civilized society. 文明社会憎恶种族主义。
  • rising crime in our so-called civilized societies 在我们所谓文明社会中日益增多的犯罪行为
7 socialist jwcws     
n.社会主义者;adj.社会主义的
参考例句:
  • China is a socialist country,and a developing country as well.中国是一个社会主义国家,也是一个发展中国家。
  • His father was an ardent socialist.他父亲是一个热情的社会主义者。
8 consolidating 6c04b889a235c3f1fd1ba84bc5ca1f80     
v.(使)巩固, (使)加强( consolidate的现在分词 );(使)合并
参考例句:
  • These measures are meant for consolidating the system of basic medical care. 这些举措旨在夯实基层医疗体系,让老百姓看大病不必出远门。 来自互联网
  • We are consolidating the Chinese and English versions of our homepage. 我们将为您提供中英文版本一起的主页。 来自互联网
9 promotion eRLxn     
n.提升,晋级;促销,宣传
参考例句:
  • The teacher conferred with the principal about Dick's promotion.教师与校长商谈了迪克的升级问题。
  • The clerk was given a promotion and an increase in salary.那个职员升了级,加了薪。
10 modernization nEyxp     
n.现代化,现代化的事物
参考例句:
  • This will help us achieve modernization.这有助于我们实现现代化。
  • The Chinese people are sure to realize the modernization of their country.中国人民必将实现国家现代化。
11 actively lzezni     
adv.积极地,勤奋地
参考例句:
  • During this period all the students were actively participating.在这节课中所有的学生都积极参加。
  • We are actively intervening to settle a quarrel.我们正在积极调解争执。
12 implement WcdzG     
n.(pl.)工具,器具;vt.实行,实施,执行
参考例句:
  • Don't undertake a project unless you can implement it.不要承担一项计划,除非你能完成这项计划。
  • The best implement for digging a garden is a spade.在花园里挖土的最好工具是铁锹。
13 embark qZKzC     
vi.乘船,着手,从事,上飞机
参考例句:
  • He is about to embark on a new business venture.他就要开始新的商业冒险活动。
  • Many people embark for Europe at New York harbor.许多人在纽约港乘船去欧洲。
14 mutual eFOxC     
adj.相互的,彼此的;共同的,共有的
参考例句:
  • We must pull together for mutual interest.我们必须为相互的利益而通力合作。
  • Mutual interests tied us together.相互的利害关系把我们联系在一起。
15 advancement tzgziL     
n.前进,促进,提升
参考例句:
  • His new contribution to the advancement of physiology was well appreciated.他对生理学发展的新贡献获得高度赞赏。
  • The aim of a university should be the advancement of learning.大学的目标应是促进学术。
16 complement ZbTyZ     
n.补足物,船上的定员;补语;vt.补充,补足
参考例句:
  • The two suggestions complement each other.这两条建议相互补充。
  • They oppose each other also complement each other.它们相辅相成。
17 complementing fe2da3ba35c87761139744afaf175986     
补足,补充( complement的现在分词 ); 求反
参考例句:
  • Maligrant segregants may, therefore, arise when complementing chromosomes are lost. 因此当互补染色体丢失时,就会产生恶性分离子。
  • A complementing circuIt'selects either the subtracter output or the output of the complementing circuit. 取补线路可任意选通减法器的输出或补取线路的输出。
18 stimulation BuIwL     
n.刺激,激励,鼓舞
参考例句:
  • The playgroup provides plenty of stimulation for the children.幼儿游戏组给孩子很多启发。
  • You don't get any intellectual stimulation in this job.你不能从这份工作中获得任何智力启发。
19 integration G5Pxk     
n.一体化,联合,结合
参考例句:
  • We are working to bring about closer political integration in the EU.我们正在努力实现欧盟內部更加紧密的政治一体化。
  • This was the greatest event in the annals of European integration.这是欧洲统一史上最重大的事件。
20 cultivation cnfzl     
n.耕作,培养,栽培(法),养成
参考例句:
  • The cultivation in good taste is our main objective.培养高雅情趣是我们的主要目标。
  • The land is not fertile enough to repay cultivation.这块土地不够肥沃,不值得耕种。
21 increment o8Cx6     
n.增值,增价;提薪,增加工资
参考例句:
  • Each increment of knowledge tells us more of our world.知识的点滴增长都会增进我们对世界的认知。
  • She receives a salary increment each year.她每年得到加薪。
22 optimize WIoxY     
v.使优化 [=optimise]
参考例句:
  • We should optimize the composition of the Standing Committees.优化人大常委会组成人员的结构。
  • We should optimize our import mix and focus on bringing in advanced technology and key equipment.优化进口结构,着重引进先进技术和关键设备。
23 optimized 81c61ac8ff2adb570ce4c7e7dfed59bd     
adj.最佳化的,(使)最优化的v.使最优化,使尽可能有效( optimize的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • We are often asked whether consumer Web sites should be optimized for beginners or intermediates. 我们常常被问到这样的问题:消费类网站究竟应该为新手而优化,还是应该为中间用户而优化? 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓
  • GOOGLE Advertising optimized sequence, greatly increasing the advertising effect. 优化了GOOGLE广告位排列顺序,大大增加了广告效果。 来自互联网
24 technological gqiwY     
adj.技术的;工艺的
参考例句:
  • A successful company must keep up with the pace of technological change.一家成功的公司必须得跟上技术变革的步伐。
  • Today,the pace of life is increasing with technological advancements.当今, 随着科技进步,生活节奏不断增快。
25 standing 2hCzgo     
n.持续,地位;adj.永久的,不动的,直立的,不流动的
参考例句:
  • After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
  • They're standing out against any change in the law.他们坚决反对对法律做任何修改。
26 fully Gfuzd     
adv.完全地,全部地,彻底地;充分地
参考例句:
  • The doctor asked me to breathe in,then to breathe out fully.医生让我先吸气,然后全部呼出。
  • They soon became fully integrated into the local community.他们很快就完全融入了当地人的圈子。
27 intensified 4b3b31dab91d010ec3f02bff8b189d1a     
v.(使)增强, (使)加剧( intensify的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • Violence intensified during the night. 在夜间暴力活动加剧了。
  • The drought has intensified. 旱情加剧了。 来自《简明英汉词典》
28 implemented a0211e5272f6fc75ac06e2d62558aff0     
v.实现( implement的过去式和过去分词 );执行;贯彻;使生效
参考例句:
  • This agreement, if not implemented, is a mere scrap of paper. 这个协定如不执行只不过是一纸空文。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
  • The economy is in danger of collapse unless far-reaching reforms are implemented. 如果不实施影响深远的改革,经济就面临崩溃的危险。 来自辞典例句
29 legitimate L9ZzJ     
adj.合法的,合理的,合乎逻辑的;v.使合法
参考例句:
  • Sickness is a legitimate reason for asking for leave.生病是请假的一个正当的理由。
  • That's a perfectly legitimate fear.怀有这种恐惧完全在情理之中。
30 administrative fzDzkc     
adj.行政的,管理的
参考例句:
  • The administrative burden must be lifted from local government.必须解除地方政府的行政负担。
  • He regarded all these administrative details as beneath his notice.他认为行政管理上的这些琐事都不值一顾。
31 functional 5hMxa     
adj.为实用而设计的,具备功能的,起作用的
参考例句:
  • The telephone was out of order,but is functional now.电话刚才坏了,但现在可以用了。
  • The furniture is not fancy,just functional.这些家具不是摆着好看的,只是为了实用。
32 supervision hr6wv     
n.监督,管理
参考例句:
  • The work was done under my supervision.这项工作是在我的监督之下完成的。
  • The old man's will was executed under the personal supervision of the lawyer.老人的遗嘱是在律师的亲自监督下执行的。
33 coordination Ho8zt     
n.协调,协作
参考例句:
  • Gymnastics is a sport that requires a considerable level of coordination.体操是一项需要高协调性的运动。
  • The perfect coordination of the dancers and singers added a rhythmic charm to the performance.舞蹈演员和歌手们配合得很好,使演出更具魅力。
34 coordinate oohzt     
adj.同等的,协调的;n.同等者;vt.协作,协调
参考例句:
  • You must coordinate what you said with what you did.你必须使你的言行一致。
  • Maybe we can coordinate the relation of them.或许我们可以调和他们之间的关系。
35 standardize UuMwl     
v.使符合标准,使标准化
参考例句:
  • We will extend and standardize legal services and provide effective legal aid.拓展和规范法律服务,积极开展法律援助。
  • There is a drive both to standardise components and to reduce the number of models on offer.正在为实现零部件标准化和减少推出的型号数量而努力。
36 realization nTwxS     
n.实现;认识到,深刻了解
参考例句:
  • We shall gladly lend every effort in our power toward its realization.我们将乐意为它的实现而竭尽全力。
  • He came to the realization that he would never make a good teacher.他逐渐认识到自己永远不会成为好老师。
37 ministry kD5x2     
n.(政府的)部;牧师
参考例句:
  • They sent a deputation to the ministry to complain.他们派了一个代表团到部里投诉。
  • We probed the Air Ministry statements.我们调查了空军部的记录。
38 implementation 2awxV     
n.实施,贯彻
参考例句:
  • Implementation of the program is now well underway.这一项目的实施现在行情看好。
39 vigor yLHz0     
n.活力,精力,元气
参考例句:
  • The choir sang the words out with great vigor.合唱团以极大的热情唱出了歌词。
  • She didn't want to be reminded of her beauty or her former vigor.现在,她不愿人们提起她昔日的美丽和以前的精力充沛。
40 coastal WWiyh     
adj.海岸的,沿海的,沿岸的
参考例句:
  • The ocean waves are slowly eating away the coastal rocks.大海的波浪慢慢地侵蚀着岸边的岩石。
  • This country will fortify the coastal areas.该国将加强沿海地区的防御。
41 consolidated dv3zqt     
a.联合的
参考例句:
  • With this new movie he has consolidated his position as the country's leading director. 他新执导的影片巩固了他作为全国最佳导演的地位。
  • Those two banks have consolidated and formed a single large bank. 那两家银行已合并成一家大银行。
42 eradication otUzfH     
n.根除
参考例句:
  • The eradication of an established infestation is not easy. 根除昆虫蔓延是不容易的。
  • This is often required for intelligent control and eradication. 这经常需要灵巧的控制与消除。
43 relatively bkqzS3     
adv.比较...地,相对地
参考例句:
  • The rabbit is a relatively recent introduction in Australia.兔子是相对较新引入澳大利亚的物种。
  • The operation was relatively painless.手术相对来说不痛。
44 lighter 5pPzPR     
n.打火机,点火器;驳船;v.用驳船运送;light的比较级
参考例句:
  • The portrait was touched up so as to make it lighter.这张画经过润色,色调明朗了一些。
  • The lighter works off the car battery.引燃器利用汽车蓄电池打火。
45 alleviating dc7b7d28594f8dd2e6389293cd401ede     
减轻,缓解,缓和( alleviate的现在分词 )
参考例句:
  • If it's alleviating pain,who knows what else it's doing? 如果它减轻了疼痛,天知道还影响什么?
  • Measuring poverty is not the same as alleviating it, of course. 当然,衡量贫困和减轻贫困是截然不同的。
46 undertakings e635513464ec002d92571ebd6bc9f67e     
企业( undertaking的名词复数 ); 保证; 殡仪业; 任务
参考例句:
  • The principle of diligence and frugality applies to all undertakings. 勤俭节约的原则适用于一切事业。
  • Such undertakings require the precise planning and foresight of military operations. 此举要求军事上战役中所需要的准确布置和预见。
47 domains e4e46deb7f9cc58c7abfb32e5570b6f3     
n.范围( domain的名词复数 );领域;版图;地产
参考例句:
  • The theory of thermodynamics links the macroscopic and submicroscopic domains. 热力学把宏观世界同亚微观世界联系起来。 来自辞典例句
  • All three flow domains are indicated by shading. 所有三个流动区域都是用阴影部分表示的。 来自辞典例句
48 machinery CAdxb     
n.(总称)机械,机器;机构
参考例句:
  • Has the machinery been put up ready for the broadcast?广播器材安装完毕了吗?
  • Machinery ought to be well maintained all the time.机器应该随时注意维护。
49 beverages eb693dc3e09666bb339be2c419d0478e     
n.饮料( beverage的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • laws governing the sale of alcoholic beverages 控制酒类销售的法规
  • regulations governing the sale of alcoholic beverages 含酒精饮料的销售管理条例
50 implements 37371cb8af481bf82a7ea3324d81affc     
n.工具( implement的名词复数 );家具;手段;[法律]履行(契约等)v.实现( implement的第三人称单数 );执行;贯彻;使生效
参考例句:
  • Primitive man hunted wild animals with crude stone implements. 原始社会的人用粗糙的石器猎取野兽。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
  • They ordered quantities of farm implements. 他们订购了大量农具。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
51 accounting nzSzsY     
n.会计,会计学,借贷对照表
参考例句:
  • A job fell vacant in the accounting department.财会部出现了一个空缺。
  • There's an accounting error in this entry.这笔账目里有差错。
52 accomplished UzwztZ     
adj.有才艺的;有造诣的;达到了的
参考例句:
  • Thanks to your help,we accomplished the task ahead of schedule.亏得你们帮忙,我们才提前完成了任务。
  • Removal of excess heat is accomplished by means of a radiator.通过散热器完成多余热量的排出。
53 cohesive dWdy2     
adj.有粘着力的;有结合力的;凝聚性的
参考例句:
  • She sealed the parcel with cohesive tape.她用粘胶带把包裹封起来。
  • The author skillfully fuses these fragments into a cohesive whole.作者将这些片断巧妙地结合成一个连贯的整体。
54 mechanism zCWxr     
n.机械装置;机构,结构
参考例句:
  • The bones and muscles are parts of the mechanism of the body.骨骼和肌肉是人体的组成部件。
  • The mechanism of the machine is very complicated.这台机器的结构是非常复杂的。
55 mechanisms d0db71d70348ef1c49f05f59097917b8     
n.机械( mechanism的名词复数 );机械装置;[生物学] 机制;机械作用
参考例句:
  • The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms. 这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • He explained how the two mechanisms worked. 他解释这两台机械装置是如何工作的。 来自《简明英汉词典》
56 persevering AltztR     
a.坚忍不拔的
参考例句:
  • They will only triumph by persevering in their struggle against natural calamities. 他们只有坚持与自然灾害搏斗,才能取得胜利。
  • Success belongs to the persevering. 胜利属于不屈不挠的人。
57 incentive j4zy9     
n.刺激;动力;鼓励;诱因;动机
参考例句:
  • Money is still a major incentive in most occupations.在许多职业中,钱仍是主要的鼓励因素。
  • He hasn't much incentive to work hard.他没有努力工作的动机。
58 momentum DjZy8     
n.动力,冲力,势头;动量
参考例句:
  • We exploit the energy and momentum conservation laws in this way.我们就是这样利用能量和动量守恒定律的。
  • The law of momentum conservation could supplant Newton's third law.动量守恒定律可以取代牛顿第三定律。
59 steadily Qukw6     
adv.稳定地;不变地;持续地
参考例句:
  • The scope of man's use of natural resources will steadily grow.人类利用自然资源的广度将日益扩大。
  • Our educational reform was steadily led onto the correct path.我们的教学改革慢慢上轨道了。
60 component epSzv     
n.组成部分,成分,元件;adj.组成的,合成的
参考例句:
  • Each component is carefully checked before assembly.每个零件在装配前都经过仔细检查。
  • Blade and handle are the component parts of a knife.刀身和刀柄是一把刀的组成部分。
61 embarked e63154942be4f2a5c3c51f6b865db3de     
乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 ); 装载; 从事
参考例句:
  • We stood on the pier and watched as they embarked. 我们站在突码头上目送他们登船。
  • She embarked on a discourse about the town's origins. 她开始讲本市的起源。
62 dispersed b24c637ca8e58669bce3496236c839fa     
adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的
参考例句:
  • The clouds dispersed themselves. 云散了。
  • After school the children dispersed to their homes. 放学后,孩子们四散回家了。
63 secondly cjazXx     
adv.第二,其次
参考例句:
  • Secondly,use your own head and present your point of view.第二,动脑筋提出自己的见解。
  • Secondly it is necessary to define the applied load.其次,需要确定所作用的载荷。
64 squandering 2145a6d587f3ec891a8ca0e1514f9735     
v.(指钱,财产等)浪费,乱花( squander的现在分词 )
参考例句:
  • You're faced with ending it all, of squandering what was given. 把到手的东西就这样随随便便弄掉。 来自辞典例句
  • I see all this potential And I see squandering. 你们的潜力都被浪费了。 来自互联网
65 irrational UaDzl     
adj.无理性的,失去理性的
参考例句:
  • After taking the drug she became completely irrational.她在吸毒后变得完全失去了理性。
  • There are also signs of irrational exuberance among some investors.在某些投资者中是存在非理性繁荣的征象的。
66 phenomena 8N9xp     
n.现象
参考例句:
  • Ade couldn't relate the phenomena with any theory he knew.艾德无法用他所知道的任何理论来解释这种现象。
  • The object of these experiments was to find the connection,if any,between the two phenomena.这些实验的目的就是探索这两种现象之间的联系,如果存在着任何联系的话。
67 levies 2ac53e2c8d44bb62d35d55dd4dbb08b1     
(部队)征兵( levy的名词复数 ); 募捐; 被征募的军队
参考例句:
  • At that time, taxes and levies were as many as the hairs on an ox. 那时,苛捐杂税多如牛毛。
  • Variable levies can insulate farmers and consumers from world markets. 差价进口税可以把农民和消费者与世界市场隔离开来。
68 infringing 9830a3397dcc37350ee4c468f7bfe45a     
v.违反(规章等)( infringe的现在分词 );侵犯(某人的权利);侵害(某人的自由、权益等)
参考例句:
  • The material can be copied without infringing copyright. 这份材料可以复制,不会侵犯版权。
  • The media is accused of infringing on people's privacy. 人们指责媒体侵犯了大家的隐私。 来自《简明英汉词典》
69 merged d33b2d33223e1272c8bbe02180876e6f     
(使)混合( merge的过去式和过去分词 ); 相融; 融入; 渐渐消失在某物中
参考例句:
  • Turf wars are inevitable when two departments are merged. 两个部门合并时总免不了争争权限。
  • The small shops were merged into a large market. 那些小商店合并成为一个大商场。
70 unstable Ijgwa     
adj.不稳定的,易变的
参考例句:
  • This bookcase is too unstable to hold so many books.这书橱很不结实,装不了这么多书。
  • The patient's condition was unstable.那患者的病情不稳定。
71 eradicate Ui1zn     
v.根除,消灭,杜绝
参考例句:
  • These insects are very difficult to eradicate.这些昆虫很难根除。
  • They are already battling to eradicate illnesses such as malaria and tetanus.他们已经在努力消灭疟疾、破伤风等疾病。
72 aggregate cKOyE     
adj.总计的,集合的;n.总数;v.合计;集合
参考例句:
  • The football team had a low goal aggregate last season.这支足球队上个赛季的进球总数很少。
  • The money collected will aggregate a thousand dollars.进帐总额将达一千美元。
73 tune NmnwW     
n.调子;和谐,协调;v.调音,调节,调整
参考例句:
  • He'd written a tune,and played it to us on the piano.他写了一段曲子,并在钢琴上弹给我们听。
  • The boy beat out a tune on a tin can.那男孩在易拉罐上敲出一首曲子。
74 implementing be68540dfa000a0fb38be40d32259215     
v.实现( implement的现在分词 );执行;贯彻;使生效
参考例句:
  • -- Implementing a comprehensive drug control strategy. ――实行综合治理的禁毒战略。 来自汉英非文学 - 白皮书
  • He was in no hurry about implementing his unshakable principle. 他并不急于实行他那不可动摇的原则。 来自辞典例句
75 laborers c8c6422086151d6c0ae2a95777108e3c     
n.体力劳动者,工人( laborer的名词复数 );(熟练工人的)辅助工
参考例句:
  • Laborers were trained to handle 50-ton compactors and giant cranes. 工人们接受操作五十吨压土机和巨型起重机的训练。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
  • Wage-labour rests exclusively on competition between the laborers. 雇佣劳动完全是建立在工人的自相竞争之上的。 来自英汉非文学 - 共产党宣言
76 embarking 7f8892f8b0a1076133045fdfbf3b8512     
乘船( embark的现在分词 ); 装载; 从事
参考例句:
  • He's embarking on a new career as a writer. 他即将开始新的职业生涯——当一名作家。
  • The campaign on which were embarking was backed up by such intricate and detailed maintenance arrangemets. 我们实施的战争,须要如此复杂及详细的维护准备。
77 rendering oV5xD     
n.表现,描写
参考例句:
  • She gave a splendid rendering of Beethoven's piano sonata.她精彩地演奏了贝多芬的钢琴奏鸣曲。
  • His narrative is a super rendering of dialect speech and idiom.他的叙述是方言和土语最成功的运用。
78 diversified eumz2W     
adj.多样化的,多种经营的v.使多样化,多样化( diversify的过去式和过去分词 );进入新的商业领域
参考例句:
  • The college biology department has diversified by adding new courses in biotechnology. 该学院生物系通过增加生物技术方面的新课程而变得多样化。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Take grain as the key link, develop a diversified economy and ensure an all-round development. 以粮为纲,多种经营,全面发展。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
79 auction 3uVzy     
n.拍卖;拍卖会;vt.拍卖
参考例句:
  • They've put the contents of their house up for auction.他们把房子里的东西全都拿去拍卖了。
  • They bought a new minibus with the proceeds from the auction.他们用拍卖得来的钱买了一辆新面包车。
80 merger vCJxG     
n.企业合并,并吞
参考例句:
  • Acceptance of the offer is the first step to a merger.对这项提议的赞同是合并的第一步。
  • Shareholders will be voting on the merger of the companies.股东们将投票表决公司合并问题。
81 bankruptcy fPoyJ     
n.破产;无偿付能力
参考例句:
  • You will have to pull in if you want to escape bankruptcy.如果你想避免破产,就必须节省开支。
  • His firm is just on thin ice of bankruptcy.他的商号正面临破产的危险。
82 optimization gIhxY     
n.最佳化,最优化;优选法;优化组合
参考例句:
  • Development of detergents has required optimization of the surfactants structure. 发展洗涤剂时,要求使用最恰当的表面活性剂结构。 来自辞典例句
  • In the case of productivity tools and other non-entertainment-oriented products, this optimization means minimizing work. 对于生产工具和其他非娱乐导向的产品而言,这意味着将工作负荷降至最低。 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓
83 preservation glnzYU     
n.保护,维护,保存,保留,保持
参考例句:
  • The police are responsible for the preservation of law and order.警察负责维持法律与秩序。
  • The picture is in an excellent state of preservation.这幅画保存得极为完好。
84 vitality lhAw8     
n.活力,生命力,效力
参考例句:
  • He came back from his holiday bursting with vitality and good health.他度假归来之后,身强体壮,充满活力。
  • He is an ambitious young man full of enthusiasm and vitality.他是个充满热情与活力的有远大抱负的青年。
85 joint m3lx4     
adj.联合的,共同的;n.关节,接合处;v.连接,贴合
参考例句:
  • I had a bad fall,which put my shoulder out of joint.我重重地摔了一跤,肩膀脫臼了。
  • We wrote a letter in joint names.我们联名写了封信。
86 jointly jp9zvS     
ad.联合地,共同地
参考例句:
  • Tenants are jointly and severally liable for payment of the rent. 租金由承租人共同且分别承担。
  • She owns the house jointly with her husband. 她和丈夫共同拥有这所房子。
87 transformation SnFwO     
n.变化;改造;转变
参考例句:
  • Going to college brought about a dramatic transformation in her outlook.上大学使她的观念发生了巨大的变化。
  • He was struggling to make the transformation from single man to responsible husband.他正在努力使自己由单身汉变为可靠的丈夫。
88 partnership NmfzPy     
n.合作关系,伙伴关系
参考例句:
  • The company has gone into partnership with Swiss Bank Corporation.这家公司已经和瑞士银行公司建立合作关系。
  • Martin has taken him into general partnership in his company.马丁已让他成为公司的普通合伙人。
89 rectified 8714cd0fa53a5376ba66b0406599eb20     
[医]矫正的,调整的
参考例句:
  • I am hopeful this misunderstanding will be rectified very quickly. 我相信这个误会将很快得到纠正。
  • That mistake could have been rectified within 28 days. 那个错误原本可以在28天内得以纠正。
90 appraisal hvFzt     
n.对…作出的评价;评价,鉴定,评估
参考例句:
  • What's your appraisal of the situation?你对局势是如何评估的?
  • We need to make a proper appraisal of his work.对于他的工作我们需要做出适当的评价。
91 audit wuGzw     
v.审计;查帐;核对;旁听
参考例句:
  • Each year they audit our accounts and certify them as being true and fair.他们每年对我们进行账务审核,以确保其真实无误。
  • As usual,the yearly audit will take place in December.跟往常一样,年度审计将在十二月份进行。
92 renewal UtZyW     
adj.(契约)延期,续订,更新,复活,重来
参考例句:
  • Her contract is coming up for renewal in the autumn.她的合同秋天就应该续签了。
  • Easter eggs symbolize the renewal of life.复活蛋象征新生。
93 capabilities f7b11037f2050959293aafb493b7653c     
n.能力( capability的名词复数 );可能;容量;[复数]潜在能力
参考例句:
  • He was somewhat pompous and had a high opinion of his own capabilities. 他有点自大,自视甚高。 来自辞典例句
  • Some programmers use tabs to break complex product capabilities into smaller chunks. 一些程序员认为,标签可以将复杂的功能分为每个窗格一组简单的功能。 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓
94 digestion il6zj     
n.消化,吸收
参考例句:
  • This kind of tea acts as an aid to digestion.这种茶可助消化。
  • This food is easy of digestion.这食物容易消化。
95 high-tech high-tech     
adj.高科技的
参考例句:
  • The economy is in the upswing which makes high-tech services in more demand too.经济在蓬勃发展,这就使对高科技服务的需求量也在加大。
  • The quest of a cure for disease with high-tech has never ceased. 人们希望运用高科技治疗疾病的追求从未停止过。
96 induction IbJzj     
n.感应,感应现象
参考例句:
  • His induction as a teacher was a turning point in his life.他就任教师工作是他一生的转折点。
  • The magnetic signals are sensed by induction coils.磁信号由感应线圈所检测。
97 qualified DCPyj     
adj.合格的,有资格的,胜任的,有限制的
参考例句:
  • He is qualified as a complete man of letters.他有资格当真正的文学家。
  • We must note that we still lack qualified specialists.我们必须看到我们还缺乏有资质的专家。
98 administrators d04952b3df94d47c04fc2dc28396a62d     
n.管理者( administrator的名词复数 );有管理(或行政)才能的人;(由遗嘱检验法庭指定的)遗产管理人;奉派暂管主教教区的牧师
参考例句:
  • He had administrators under him but took the crucial decisions himself. 他手下有管理人员,但重要的决策仍由他自己来做。 来自辞典例句
  • Administrators have their own methods of social intercourse. 办行政的人有他们的社交方式。 来自汉英文学 - 围城
99 dedicated duHzy2     
adj.一心一意的;献身的;热诚的
参考例句:
  • He dedicated his life to the cause of education.他献身于教育事业。
  • His whole energies are dedicated to improve the design.他的全部精力都放在改进这项设计上了。
100 systematic SqMwo     
adj.有系统的,有计划的,有方法的
参考例句:
  • The way he works isn't very systematic.他的工作不是很有条理。
  • The teacher made a systematic work of teaching.这个教师进行系统的教学工作。
101 standardized 8hHzgs     
adj.标准化的
参考例句:
  • We use standardized tests to measure scholastic achievement. 我们用标准化考试来衡量学生的学业成绩。
  • The parts of an automobile are standardized. 汽车零件是标准化了的。
102 specialized Chuzwe     
adj.专门的,专业化的
参考例句:
  • There are many specialized agencies in the United Nations.联合国有许多专门机构。
  • These tools are very specialized.这些是专用工具。
103 formulate L66yt     
v.用公式表示;规划;设计;系统地阐述
参考例句:
  • He took care to formulate his reply very clearly.他字斟句酌,清楚地做了回答。
  • I was impressed by the way he could formulate his ideas.他陈述观点的方式让我印象深刻。
104 strictly GtNwe     
adv.严厉地,严格地;严密地
参考例句:
  • His doctor is dieting him strictly.他的医生严格规定他的饮食。
  • The guests were seated strictly in order of precedence.客人严格按照地位高低就座。
105 heeded 718cd60e0e96997caf544d951e35597a     
v.听某人的劝告,听从( heed的过去式和过去分词 );变平,使(某物)变平( flatten的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • She countered that her advice had not been heeded. 她反驳说她的建议未被重视。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • I heeded my doctor's advice and stopped smoking. 我听从医生的劝告,把烟戒了。 来自《简明英汉词典》
106 turnover nfkzmg     
n.人员流动率,人事变动率;营业额,成交量
参考例句:
  • The store greatly reduced the prices to make a quick turnover.这家商店实行大减价以迅速周转资金。
  • Our turnover actually increased last year.去年我们的营业额竟然增加了。
107 utilization Of0zMC     
n.利用,效用
参考例句:
  • Computer has found an increasingly wide utilization in all fields.电子计算机已越来越广泛地在各个领域得到应用。
  • Modern forms of agricultural utilization,have completely refuted this assumption.现代农业利用形式,完全驳倒了这种想象。
108 dominant usAxG     
adj.支配的,统治的;占优势的;显性的;n.主因,要素,主要的人(或物);显性基因
参考例句:
  • The British were formerly dominant in India.英国人从前统治印度。
  • She was a dominant figure in the French film industry.她在法国电影界是个举足轻重的人物。
109 stimulate wuSwL     
vt.刺激,使兴奋;激励,使…振奋
参考例句:
  • Your encouragement will stimulate me to further efforts.你的鼓励会激发我进一步努力。
  • Success will stimulate the people for fresh efforts.成功能鼓舞人们去作新的努力。
110 coordinated 72452d15f78aec5878c1559a1fbb5383     
adj.协调的
参考例句:
  • The sound has to be coordinated with the picture. 声音必须和画面协调一致。
  • The numerous existing statutes are complicated and poorly coordinated. 目前繁多的法令既十分复杂又缺乏快调。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法
111 marketing Boez7e     
n.行销,在市场的买卖,买东西
参考例句:
  • They are developing marketing network.他们正在发展销售网络。
  • He often goes marketing.他经常去市场做生意。
112 stimulating ShBz7A     
adj.有启发性的,能激发人思考的
参考例句:
  • shower gel containing plant extracts that have a stimulating effect on the skin 含有对皮肤有益的植物精华的沐浴凝胶
  • This is a drug for stimulating nerves. 这是一种兴奋剂。
113 orientation IJ4xo     
n.方向,目标;熟悉,适应,情况介绍
参考例句:
  • Children need some orientation when they go to school.小孩子上学时需要适应。
  • The traveller found his orientation with the aid of a good map.旅行者借助一幅好地图得知自己的方向。
114 specifications f3453ce44685398a83b7fe3902d2b90c     
n.规格;载明;详述;(产品等的)说明书;说明书( specification的名词复数 );详细的计划书;载明;详述
参考例句:
  • Our work must answer the specifications laid down. 我们的工作应符合所定的规范。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • This sketch does not conform with the specifications. 图文不符。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
115 persevere MMCxH     
v.坚持,坚忍,不屈不挠
参考例句:
  • They are determined to persevere in the fight.他们决心坚持战斗。
  • It is strength of character enabled him to persevere.他那坚强的性格使他能够坚持不懈。
116 optimizing 56a2ad080ec9d3c4cf573c347d6de828     
v.使最优化,使尽可能有效( optimize的现在分词 );最佳化;寻优
参考例句:
  • This model may be classified as either an optimizing model or simulation model. 这个模型可分为最佳化模型或模拟模型。 来自辞典例句
  • Need to design crossover operator rationally while optimizing ANN. 优化网络需要合理设计交叉算子。 来自互联网
117 economize Sr3xZ     
v.节约,节省
参考例句:
  • We're going to have to economize from now on. 从现在开始,我们不得不节约开支。
  • We have to economize on water during the dry season. 我们在旱季不得不节约用水。
118 infrastructure UbBz5     
n.下部构造,下部组织,基础结构,基础设施
参考例句:
  • We should step up the development of infrastructure for research.加强科学基础设施建设。
  • We should strengthen cultural infrastructure and boost various types of popular culture.加强文化基础设施建设,发展各类群众文化。
119 criteria vafyC     
n.标准
参考例句:
  • The main criterion is value for money.主要的标准是钱要用得划算。
  • There are strict criteria for inclusion in the competition.参赛的标准很严格。
120 optimal zmDzhM     
adj.最适宜的;最理想的;最令人满意的
参考例句:
  • What is the optimal mix of private and public property rights in natural resources?私人和国家的自然资源产权的最适宜的组合是什么?
  • Optimal path planning is a key link for the sailing contest.帆船最优行驶路径规划是帆船比赛取胜的关键环节。
121 demonstration 9waxo     
n.表明,示范,论证,示威
参考例句:
  • His new book is a demonstration of his patriotism.他写的新书是他的爱国精神的证明。
  • He gave a demonstration of the new technique then and there.他当场表演了这种新的操作方法。
122 resolutely WW2xh     
adj.坚决地,果断地
参考例句:
  • He resolutely adhered to what he had said at the meeting. 他坚持他在会上所说的话。
  • He grumbles at his lot instead of resolutely facing his difficulties. 他不是果敢地去面对困难,而是抱怨自己运气不佳。
123 registration ASKzO     
n.登记,注册,挂号
参考例句:
  • Marriage without registration is not recognized by law.法律不承认未登记的婚姻。
  • What's your registration number?你挂的是几号?
124 license B9TzU     
n.执照,许可证,特许;v.许可,特许
参考例句:
  • The foreign guest has a license on the person.这个外国客人随身携带执照。
  • The driver was arrested for having false license plates on his car.司机由于使用假车牌而被捕。
125 adverse 5xBzs     
adj.不利的;有害的;敌对的,不友好的
参考例句:
  • He is adverse to going abroad.他反对出国。
  • The improper use of medicine could lead to severe adverse reactions.用药不当会产生严重的不良反应。
126 evaluation onFxd     
n.估价,评价;赋值
参考例句:
  • I attempted an honest evaluation of my own life.我试图如实地评价我自己的一生。
  • The new scheme is still under evaluation.新方案还在评估阶段。
127 authorization wOxyV     
n.授权,委任状
参考例句:
  • Anglers are required to obtain prior authorization from the park keeper.垂钓者必须事先得到公园管理者的许可。
  • You cannot take a day off without authorization.未经批准你不得休假。
128 emission vjnz4     
n.发出物,散发物;发出,散发
参考例句:
  • Rigorous measures will be taken to reduce the total pollutant emission.采取严格有力措施,降低污染物排放总量。
  • Finally,the way to effectively control particulate emission is pointed out.最后,指出有效降低颗粒排放的方向。
129 pollutants 694861490fe64672170a0da250a277c7     
污染物质(尤指工业废物)( pollutant的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Pollutants are constantly being released into the atmosphere. 污染物质正在不断地被排放到大气中去。
  • The 1987 Amendments limit 301(g) discharges to a few well-studied nonconventional pollutants. 1987年的修正案把第301条(g)的普通排放限制施加在一些认真研究过的几种非常规污染物上。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法
130 expiration bmSxA     
n.终结,期满,呼气,呼出物
参考例句:
  • Can I have your credit card number followed by the expiration date?能告诉我你的信用卡号码和它的到期日吗?
  • This contract shall be terminated on the expiration date.劳动合同期满,即行终止。
131 amalgamated ed85e8e23651662e5e12b2453a8d0f6f     
v.(使)(金属)汞齐化( amalgamate的过去式和过去分词 );(使)合并;联合;结合
参考例句:
  • The company has now amalgamated with another local firm. 这家公司现在已与当地一家公司合并了。
  • Those two organizations have been amalgamated into single one. 那两个组织已合并为一个组织。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
132 infringe 0boz4     
v.违反,触犯,侵害
参考例句:
  • The jury ruled that he had infringed no rules.陪审团裁决他没有违反任何规定。
  • He occasionally infringe the law by parking near a junction.他因偶尔将车停放在交叉口附近而违反规定。
133 positively vPTxw     
adv.明确地,断然,坚决地;实在,确实
参考例句:
  • She was positively glowing with happiness.她满脸幸福。
  • The weather was positively poisonous.这天气着实讨厌。
134 shareholding d50815e5b4fdfade1f68dd62ed15450a     
n.股权
参考例句:
  • Shareholding commercial banks must exercise an independent system of board of directors. 股份制商业银行必须实行独立董事制度。 来自互联网
  • Asset re-structuring: to conduct shareholding reform for high quality assets. 资产重组:对优质资产进行股份制改造。 来自互联网
135 earnings rrWxJ     
n.工资收人;利润,利益,所得
参考例句:
  • That old man lives on the earnings of his daughter.那个老人靠他女儿的收入维持生活。
  • Last year there was a 20% decrease in his earnings.去年他的收入减少了20%。
136 exemption 3muxo     
n.豁免,免税额,免除
参考例句:
  • You may be able to apply for exemption from local taxes.你可能符合资格申请免除地方税。
  • These goods are subject to exemption from tax.这些货物可以免税。
137 formulated cfc86c2c7185ae3f93c4d8a44e3cea3c     
v.构想出( formulate的过去式和过去分词 );规划;确切地阐述;用公式表示
参考例句:
  • He claims that the writer never consciously formulated his own theoretical position. 他声称该作家从未有意识地阐明他自己的理论见解。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • This idea can be formulated in two different ways. 这个意思可以有两种说法。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
138 expenditure XPbzM     
n.(时间、劳力、金钱等)支出;使用,消耗
参考例句:
  • The entry of all expenditure is necessary.有必要把一切开支入账。
  • The monthly expenditure of our family is four hundred dollars altogether.我们一家的开销每月共计四百元。
139 payable EmdzUR     
adj.可付的,应付的,有利益的
参考例句:
  • This check is payable on demand.这是一张见票即付的支票。
  • No tax is payable on these earnings.这些收入不须交税。
140 exempted b7063b5d39ab0e555afef044f21944ea     
使免除[豁免]( exempt的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • His bad eyesight exempted him from military service. 他因视力不好而免服兵役。
  • Her illness exempted her from the examination. 她因病而免试。
141 fixed JsKzzj     
adj.固定的,不变的,准备好的;(计算机)固定的
参考例句:
  • Have you two fixed on a date for the wedding yet?你们俩选定婚期了吗?
  • Once the aim is fixed,we should not change it arbitrarily.目标一旦确定,我们就不应该随意改变。
142 restrictions 81e12dac658cfd4c590486dd6f7523cf     
约束( restriction的名词复数 ); 管制; 制约因素; 带限制性的条件(或规则)
参考例句:
  • I found the restrictions irksome. 我对那些限制感到很烦。
  • a snaggle of restrictions 杂乱无章的种种限制
143 determined duszmP     
adj.坚定的;有决心的
参考例句:
  • I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
  • He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。
144 licenses 9d2fccd1fa9364fe38442db17bb0cb15     
n.执照( license的名词复数 )v.批准,许可,颁发执照( license的第三人称单数 )
参考例句:
  • Drivers have ten days' grace to renew their licenses. 驾驶员更换执照有10天的宽限期。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
  • Jewish firms couldn't get import or export licenses or raw materials. 犹太人的企业得不到进出口许可证或原料。 来自辞典例句
145 entities 07214c6750d983a32e0a33da225c4efd     
实体对像; 实体,独立存在体,实际存在物( entity的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • Our newspaper and our printing business form separate corporate entities. 我们的报纸和印刷业形成相对独立的企业实体。
  • The North American continent is made up of three great structural entities. 北美大陆是由三个构造单元组成的。
146 intensify S5Pxe     
vt.加强;变强;加剧
参考例句:
  • We must intensify our educational work among our own troops.我们必须加强自己部队的教育工作。
  • They were ordered to intensify their patrols to protect our air space.他们奉命加强巡逻,保卫我国的领空。
147 expended 39b2ea06557590ef53e0148a487bc107     
v.花费( expend的过去式和过去分词 );使用(钱等)做某事;用光;耗尽
参考例句:
  • She expended all her efforts on the care of home and children. 她把所有精力都花在料理家务和照顾孩子上。
  • The enemy had expended all their ammunition. 敌人已耗尽所有的弹药。 来自《简明英汉词典》
148 depreciation YuTzql     
n.价值低落,贬值,蔑视,贬低
参考例句:
  • She can't bear the depreciation of the enemy.她受不了敌人的蹂躏。
  • They wrote off 500 for depreciation of machinery.他们注销了500镑作为机器折旧费。
149 ecosystems 94cb0e40a815bea1157ac8aab9a5380d     
n.生态系统( ecosystem的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • There are highly sensitive and delicately balanced ecosystems in the forest. 森林里有高度敏感、灵敏平衡的各种生态系统。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Madagascar's ecosystems range from rainforest to semi-desert. 马达加斯加生态系统类型多样,从雨林到半荒漠等不一而足。 来自辞典例句
150 investigation MRKzq     
n.调查,调查研究
参考例句:
  • In an investigation,a new fact became known, which told against him.在调查中新发现了一件对他不利的事实。
  • He drew the conclusion by building on his own investigation.他根据自己的调查研究作出结论。
151 exacerbating ff803ca871efdf0c67b248b5a1095f6e     
v.使恶化,使加重( exacerbate的现在分词 )
参考例句:
  • This pedagogical understretch is exacerbating social inequalities. 这种教学张力不足加重了社会不平等。 来自互联网
  • High fertilizer prices are exacerbating the problem. 高涨的肥料价格更加加剧了问题的恶化。 来自互联网
152 curbed a923d4d9800d8ccbc8b2319f1a1fdc2b     
v.限制,克制,抑制( curb的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • Advertising aimed at children should be curbed. 针对儿童的广告应受到限制。 来自辞典例句
  • Inflation needs to be curbed in Russia. 俄罗斯需要抑制通货膨胀。 来自辞典例句
153 exacerbate iiAzU     
v.恶化,增剧,激怒,使加剧
参考例句:
  • WMO says a warming climate can exacerbate air pollution.世界气象组织说,气候变暖可能会加剧空气污染。
  • In fact efforts will merely exacerbate the current problem.实际上努力只会加剧当前的问题。
154 investigations 02de25420938593f7db7bd4052010b32     
(正式的)调查( investigation的名词复数 ); 侦查; 科学研究; 学术研究
参考例句:
  • His investigations were intensive and thorough but revealed nothing. 他进行了深入彻底的调查,但没有发现什么。
  • He often sent them out to make investigations. 他常常派他们出去作调查。
155 inspection y6TxG     
n.检查,审查,检阅
参考例句:
  • On random inspection the meat was found to be bad.经抽查,发现肉变质了。
  • The soldiers lined up for their daily inspection by their officers.士兵们列队接受军官的日常检阅。
156 violation lLBzJ     
n.违反(行为),违背(行为),侵犯
参考例句:
  • He roared that was a violation of the rules.他大声说,那是违反规则的。
  • He was fined 200 dollars for violation of traffic regulation.他因违反交通规则被罚款200美元。
157 prohibitions 1455fa4be1c0fb658dd8ffdfa6ab493e     
禁令,禁律( prohibition的名词复数 ); 禁酒; 禁例
参考例句:
  • Nowadays NO PARKING is the most ubiquitous of prohibitions. 今天,“NO PARKING”(禁止停车),几乎成了到处可见的禁止用语了。
  • Inappropriate, excessive or capricious administration of aversive stimulation has led to scandals, lawsuits and prohibitions. 不恰当的、过度的或随意滥用厌恶性刺激会引起人们的反感、控告与抵制。
158 prevailing E1ozF     
adj.盛行的;占优势的;主要的
参考例句:
  • She wears a fashionable hair style prevailing in the city.她的发型是这个城市流行的款式。
  • This reflects attitudes and values prevailing in society.这反映了社会上盛行的态度和价值观。
159 rigid jDPyf     
adj.严格的,死板的;刚硬的,僵硬的
参考例句:
  • She became as rigid as adamant.她变得如顽石般的固执。
  • The examination was so rigid that nearly all aspirants were ruled out.考试很严,几乎所有的考生都被淘汰了。
160 authentication jO5yS     
鉴定,认证
参考例句:
  • Computer security technology includes mainly:Authentication,Encryption,Access Control,Auditing and so on.计算机网络安全技术主要有: 认证授权、数据加密、访问控制、安全审计等。
161 abide UfVyk     
vi.遵守;坚持;vt.忍受
参考例句:
  • You must abide by the results of your mistakes.你必须承担你的错误所造成的后果。
  • If you join the club,you have to abide by its rules.如果你参加俱乐部,你就得遵守它的规章。
162 proceeding Vktzvu     
n.行动,进行,(pl.)会议录,学报
参考例句:
  • This train is now proceeding from Paris to London.这次列车从巴黎开往伦敦。
  • The work is proceeding briskly.工作很有生气地进展着。
163 bulwark qstzb     
n.堡垒,保障,防御
参考例句:
  • That country is a bulwark of freedom.那个国家是自由的堡垒。
  • Law and morality are the bulwark of society.法律和道德是社会的防御工具。
164 ideological bq3zi8     
a.意识形态的
参考例句:
  • He always tries to link his study with his ideological problems. 他总是把学习和自己的思想问题联系起来。
  • He helped me enormously with advice on how to do ideological work. 他告诉我怎样做思想工作,对我有很大帮助。
165 patriotic T3Izu     
adj.爱国的,有爱国心的
参考例句:
  • His speech was full of patriotic sentiments.他的演说充满了爱国之情。
  • The old man is a patriotic overseas Chinese.这位老人是一位爱国华侨。
166 diligent al6ze     
adj.勤勉的,勤奋的
参考例句:
  • He is the more diligent of the two boys.他是这两个男孩中较用功的一个。
  • She is diligent and keeps herself busy all the time.她真勤快,一会儿也不闲着。
167 frugal af0zf     
adj.节俭的,节约的,少量的,微量的
参考例句:
  • He was a VIP,but he had a frugal life.他是位要人,但生活俭朴。
  • The old woman is frugal to the extreme.那老妇人节约到了极点。
168 ethics Dt3zbI     
n.伦理学;伦理观,道德标准
参考例句:
  • The ethics of his profession don't permit him to do that.他的职业道德不允许他那样做。
  • Personal ethics and professional ethics sometimes conflict.个人道德和职业道德有时会相互抵触。
TAG标签:
发表评论
请自觉遵守互联网相关的政策法规,严禁发布色情、暴力、反动的言论。
评价:
表情:
验证码:点击我更换图片