英文法律词典 C-97_法律英语

英文法律词典 C-97

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CONSTITUTION, contracts. The constitution of a contract, is the making of the contract as, the written constitution of a debt. 1 Bell's Com. 332, 5th ed.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. The fundamental law of the United States.

2. It was framed by a convention of the representatives of the people, who met at Philadelphia, and finally adopted it on the 17th day of September, 1787. It became the law of the land on the first Wednesday in March, 1789. 5 Wheat. 420.

3. A short analysis of this instrument, so replete² with salutary provisions for insuring liberty and private riglits, and public peace and prosperity, will here be given.

4. The preamble³ declares that the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure public tranquillity⁴, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings⁵ of liberty to themselves and their posterity⁶, do ordain⁷ and establish this constitution for the United States of America.

5. - 1. The first article is divided into ten sections. By the first the legislative⁸ power is vested in congress. The second regulates the formation of the house of representatives, and declares who shall be electors. The third provides for the organization of the senate, and bestows⁹ on it the power to try impeachments¹¹. The fourth directs the times and places of holding elections and the time of meeting of congress. The fifth determines the power of the respective houses. The sixth provides for a compensation to members of congress, and for their safety from arrests and disqualifies them from holding certain offices. The seventh directs the manner of passing bills. The eighth defines the powers vested in congress. The ninth contains the following provisions: 1st. That the migration¹² or importation of persons shall not be prohibited prior to the year 1808. 2d. That the writ¹ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, except in particular cases. 3d. That no bill of attainder, or ex post facto law, shall be passed. 4th. The manner of laying taxes. 5th. The manner of drawing money out of the treasury¹³. 6th. That no title of nobility shall be granted. 7th. That no officer shall receive a present from a foreign government. The tenth forbids the respective states to exercise certain powers there enumerated¹⁴.

6. - 2. The second article is divided into four sections. The first vests the executive power in the president of the United States of America, and provides for his election, and that of the vice-president. The second section confers various powers on the president. The third defines his duties. The fourth provides for the impeachment¹⁰ of the president, vice-president, and all civil officers of the United States.

7. - 3. The third article contains three sections. The first vests the judicial¹⁵ power in sundry¹⁶ courts, provides for the tenure¹⁷ of office by the judges, and for their compensation. The second provides for the extent of the judicial power, vests in the supreme¹⁸ court original jurisdiction¹⁹ in certain cases, and directs the manner of trying crimes. The third defines treason, and vests in congress the power to declare its punishment.

8. - 4. The fourth article is composed of four sections. The first relates to the faith which state records, &c., shall have in other states. The second secures the rights of citizens in the several states for the delivery of fugitives²⁰ from justice or from labor²¹. The third for the admission of new states, and the government of the territories. The fourth guaranties to every state in the Union the republican form of government, and protection from invasion or domestic violence.

9. - 5. The Fifth Article provides for amendments²³ to the constitution.

10. - 6. The sixth article declares that the debts due under the confederation shall be valid²⁴ against the United States; that the constitution and treaties made under its powers shall be the supreme law of the land that public officers shall be required by oath or affirmation to support the Constitution of the United States that no religious test shall be required as a qualification for office.

11. - 7. The seventh article directs what shall be a sufficient ratification²⁵ of this constitution by the states.

12. In pursuance of the fifth article of the constitution, articles in addition to, and amendment²² of, the constitution, were proposed by congress, and ratified²⁶ by the legislatures of the several states. These additional articles are to the following import:

13. - 1. Relates to religious freedom; the liberty of the press; the right of the people to assemble and petition.

14. - 2. Secures to the people the right to bear arms.

15. - 3. Provides for the quartering of soldiers.

16. - 4. Regulates the right of search, and of arrest on criminal charges.

17. - 5. Directs the manner of being held to answer for crimes, and provides for the security of the life, liberty and property of the citizens.

18. - 6. Secures to the accused the right to a fair trial by jury.18. - 6. Secures to the accused the right to a fair trial by jury.

19. - 7. Provides for a trial by jury in civil cases.

20. - 8. Directs that excessive bail²⁷ shall not be required; nor excessive fines imposed nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted²⁸.

21. - 9. Secures to the people the rights retained by them.

22.- 10. Secures the rights to the states, or to the people the rights they have not granted.

23. - 11. Limits the powers of the courts as to suits against one of the United States.

24. - 12. Points out the manner of electing the president and vice-president.

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1 writ
n.命令状，书面命令
参考例句：
This is a copy of a writ I received this morning.这是今早我收到的书面命令副本。 You shouldn't treat the newspapers as if they were Holy Writ. 你不应该把报上说的话奉若神明。

2 replete
adj.饱满的，塞满的；n.贮蜜蚁
参考例句：
He was replete with food and drink.他吃喝得饱饱的。 This immense space may be replete with happiness and glory.这巨大的空间可能充满了幸福和光荣。

3 preamble
n.前言；序文
参考例句：
He spoke without preamble.他没有开场白地讲起来。 The controversy has arisen over the text of the preamble to the unification treaty.针对统一条约的序文出现了争论。

4 tranquillity
n. 平静, 安静
参考例句：
The phenomenon was so striking and disturbing that his philosophical tranquillity vanished. 这个令人惶惑不安的现象，扰乱了他的旷达宁静的心境。 My value for domestic tranquillity should much exceed theirs. 我应该远比他们重视家庭的平静生活。

5 blessings
n.（上帝的）祝福( blessing的名词复数 )；好事；福分；因祸得福
参考例句：
Afflictions are sometimes blessings in disguise. 塞翁失马，焉知非福。来自《简明英汉词典》 We don't rely on blessings from Heaven. 我们不靠老天保佑。来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

6 posterity
n.后裔，子孙，后代
参考例句：
Few of his works will go down to posterity.他的作品没有几件会流传到后世。 The names of those who died are recorded for posterity on a tablet at the back of the church.死者姓名都刻在教堂后面的一块石匾上以便后人铭记。

7 ordain
vi.颁发命令；vt.命令，授以圣职，注定，任命
参考例句：
The church's ruling body voted to ordain women as priests.该教会的管理机构投票通过接纳女性为牧师。 The essence of management refers to its internal inevitable ordain quality,and is also called ultimate attribute.管理的本质是指管理自身内在的必然的规定性，即根本属性。

8 legislative
n.立法机构，立法权；adj.立法的，有立法权的
参考例句：
Congress is the legislative branch of the U.S. government.国会是美国政府的立法部门。 Today's hearing was just the first step in the legislative process.今天的听证会只是展开立法程序的第一步。

9 bestows
赠给，授予( bestow的第三人称单数 )
参考例句：
Second, Xie Lingyun bestows on basic subject and emotion connotation. 谢灵运赋的基本主题及情感内涵。 And the frigid climate bestows Heilongjiang rich resources of ice and snow. 寒冷的气候赋予了其得天独厚的冰雪资源。

10 impeachment
n.弹劾；控告；怀疑
参考例句：
Impeachment is considered a drastic measure in the United States.在美国，弹劾被视为一种非常激烈的措施。 The verdict resulting from his impeachment destroyed his political career.他遭弹劾后得到的判决毁了他的政治生涯。

11 impeachments
n.控告( impeachment的名词复数 )；检举；弹劾；怀疑
参考例句：
The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. 参议院独自拥有审理一切弹劾案的全权。来自英汉非文学 - 政府文件 Clause 6:The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. 6.所有弹劾案，只有参议院有权审理。来自互联网

12 migration
n.迁移，移居，（鸟类等的）迁徙
参考例句：
Swallows begin their migration south in autumn.燕子在秋季开始向南方迁移。 He described the vernal migration of birds in detail.他详细地描述了鸟的春季移居。

13 treasury
n.宝库；国库，金库；文库
参考例句：
The Treasury was opposed in principle to the proposals.财政部原则上反对这些提案。 This book is a treasury of useful information.这本书是有价值的信息宝库。

14 enumerated
v.列举，枚举，数( enumerate的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句：
A spokesperson enumerated the strikers' demands. 发言人列数罢工者的要求。来自《简明英汉词典》 He enumerated the capitals of the 50 states. 他列举了50个州的首府。来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

15 judicial
adj.司法的，法庭的，审判的，明断的，公正的
参考例句：
He is a man with a judicial mind.他是个公正的人。 Tom takes judicial proceedings against his father.汤姆对他的父亲正式提出诉讼。

16 sundry
adj.各式各样的，种种的
参考例句：
This cream can be used to treat sundry minor injuries.这种药膏可用来治各种轻伤。 We can see the rich man on sundry occasions.我们能在各种场合见到那个富豪。

17 tenure
n.终身职位；任期；(土地)保有权，保有期
参考例句：
He remained popular throughout his tenure of the office of mayor.他在担任市长的整个任期内都深得民心。 Land tenure is a leading political issue in many parts of the world.土地的保有权在世界很多地区是主要的政治问题。

18 supreme
adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的
参考例句：
It was the supreme moment in his life.那是他一生中最重要的时刻。 He handed up the indictment to the supreme court.他把起诉书送交最高法院。

19 jurisdiction
n.司法权，审判权，管辖权，控制权
参考例句：
It doesn't lie within my jurisdiction to set you free.我无权将你释放。 Changzhou is under the jurisdiction of Jiangsu Province.常州隶属江苏省。

20 fugitives
n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 )
参考例句：
Three fugitives from the prison are still at large. 三名逃犯仍然未被抓获。来自《简明英汉词典》 Members of the provisional government were prisoners or fugitives. 临时政府的成员或被捕或逃亡。来自演讲部分

21 labor
n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦
参考例句：
We are never late in satisfying him for his labor.我们从不延误付给他劳动报酬。 He was completely spent after two weeks of hard labor.艰苦劳动两周后，他已经疲惫不堪了。

22 amendment
n.改正，修正，改善，修正案
参考例句：
The amendment was rejected by 207 voters to 143.这项修正案以207票对143票被否决。 The Opposition has tabled an amendment to the bill.反对党已经就该议案提交了一项修正条款。

23 amendments
（法律、文件的）改动( amendment的名词复数 )；修正案；修改；（美国宪法的）修正案
参考例句：
The committee does not adequately consult others when drafting amendments. 委员会在起草修正案时没有充分征求他人的意见。 Please propose amendments and addenda to the first draft of the document. 请对这个文件的初稿提出修改和补充意见。

24 valid
adj.有确实根据的；有效的；正当的，合法的
参考例句：
His claim to own the house is valid.他主张对此屋的所有权有效。 Do you have valid reasons for your absence?你的缺席有正当理由吗？

25 ratification
n.批准，认可
参考例句：
The treaty is awaiting ratification.条约正等待批准。 The treaty is subject to ratification.此条约经批准后才能生效。

26 ratified
v.批准，签认（合约等）( ratify的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句：
The treaty was declared invalid because it had not been ratified. 条约没有得到批准，因此被宣布无效。 The treaty was ratified by all the member states. 这个条约得到了所有成员国的批准。

27 bail
v.舀（水），保释；n.保证金，保释，保释人
参考例句：
One of the prisoner's friends offered to bail him out.犯人的一个朋友答应保释他出来。 She has been granted conditional bail.她被准予有条件保释。

28 inflicted
把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句：
They inflicted a humiliating defeat on the home team. 他们使主队吃了一场很没面子的败仗。 Zoya heroically bore the torture that the Fascists inflicted upon her. 卓娅英勇地承受法西斯匪徒加在她身上的酷刑。

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