COW. In a penal¹ statute² which mentions both cows and beefer's, it was held that by the term cow, must be understood one that had a calf³. 2 East, P. C. 616; 1 Leach⁴, 105.

COWARDICE⁵. Pusillanimity⁶; fear.

2. By the act for the better government of the navy of the United States, passed April 21, 1800, 1 Story, L. U. S. 761; it is enacted⁷, art. 5, "every officer or private who shall not properly observe the orders of his commanding officer, or shall not use his utmost exertions⁸ to carry them into execution, when ordered to prepare for, join in, or when actually engaged in battle; or shall, at such time, basely desert his duty or station, either then, or while in sight of an enemy, or shall induce others to do so, every person so ofending, shall, on conviction thereof by a general court martial⁹, suffer death, or such other punishment as the said court shall adjudge.

3. - Art. 6. "Every officer or private who shall, through cowardice, negligence¹⁰, or disaffection, in the time of action, withdraw from, or keep out of battle, or shall not do his utmost to take or destroy every vessel¹¹ which it is his duty to encounter, or shall not do his utmost ondeavor to afford relief to ships belonging to the United States, every such offender¹² shall, on conviction thereof by a general court martial, suffer death, or such other punishment as the said court shall adjudge."

4. By the act for establishing rules and articles for the government of the armies of the United States, passed April 10, 1806, it is enacted, art. 52, " any officer or soldier, who shall mishehave himself before the enemy, run away, or shamefully¹³ abandon any fort, post, or guard, which he or they may be commanded to defend, or speak, words inducing others to do the like, or shall cast away his arms and ammunition¹⁴, or who shall quit his post or colors to plunder¹⁵ and pillage¹⁶, every such offender, being duly convicted thereof, shall suffer death, or such other punishment as shall be ordered by the sentence of a general court martial."

CRANAGE. A toll¹⁷ paid for drawing merchandise out of vessels¹⁸ to the wharf¹⁹, so called, because the instrument used for the purpose is called a crane. 8 Co. 46.

TO CRAVE²⁰. To ask; to demand.

2. This word is frequently used in pleading; as,-to crave oyer of a bond on which the suit is brought; and in the settlement of accounts, the accountant general craves²¹ a credit or an allowance. 1 Chit. Pr. 520. See Oyer.

CRAVEN. A word of obloquy²², which in trials by battel, was pronounced by the vanquished²³; upon which judgment²⁴ was rendered against him.

CREANCE. This is a French word, which, in its extensive sense, signifies claim; in a narrower sense it means a debt. 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 1040, note.

CREDENTIALS²⁵, international law. The instruments which authorize²⁶ and establish a public minister in his character with the state or prince to whom they are addressed. If the state or prince receive the minister, he can be received only in the quality attributed to him in his credentials. They are, as it were, his letter of attorney, his mandate²⁷ patent, mandatum manifestum. Vattel, liv. 4, c. 6, 76.

CREDIBILITY. Worthiness²⁸ of belief. To entitle a witness to credibility, he must be competent. Vide Competency.

2. Human testimony²⁹ can seldom acquire the certainty of demonstration³⁰. Witnesses not unfrequently are mistaken or wish to deceive; the most that can be expected is that moral certainty which arises from analogy. The credibility which is attached to such testimony, arises. from the double presumption³¹ that the witnesses have good sense and intelligence, and that they are not mistaken nor deceived; they are further presumed to have probity³², and that they do not wish to deceive.

3. To gain credibility, we must be assured, first, that the witness has not been mistaken nor deceived. To be assured as far as possible on this subject, it is proper to consider the nature and quality of the facts proved; the quality and person of the witness; the testimony in itself; and to compare it with the depositions³³ of other witnesses on the subject, and with known facts. Secondly³⁴, we must be satisfied that he does not wish to deceive: there are strong assurances of this, when the witness is under oath, is a man of integrity, and disinterested³⁵. Vide Arch. Civ. Pl. 444; 5 Com. Dig. 449; 8 Watts³⁶, R. 227; Competency.