GUARDIANS¹, domestic relations. Guardians are divided into, guardians of the person, in the civil law called tutors; and guardians of the estate, in the sam law are known by the name of curators. For the distinction between them, vide article Curatorship; 2 Kent, Com. 186 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 336, et. seq.

2. - 1. A guardian² of the person is one who has been lawfully³ invested with the care of the person of an infant, whose father is dead.

3. The guardian must be properly appointed he must be capable of serving; he must be appointed guardian of an infant; and after his appointment he must perform the duties imposed on him by his office.

4. - 1st. In England, and in some of the states where the English law has been adopted in this respect, as in Pennsylvania; Rob. Dig. 312, by Stat. 12 Car. If. c. 24; power is given to the father to appoint a testamentary guardian for his children, whether born or unborn. According to Chancellor⁵ Kent, this statute⁶ has been adopted in the state of New York, and probably throughout this country. 2 Kent, Com. 184. The statute of Connecticut, however, is an exception; there the father cannot appoint a testamentary guardian. 1 Swift's Dig. 48.

5. All other kinds of guardians, to be hereafter noticed, have been superseded⁸ in practice by guardians appointed by courts having jurisdiction⁹ of such matters. Courts of chancery, orphans¹⁰ courts, and courts of a similar character having jurisdiction of testamentary matters in the several states, are, generally, speaking, invested with the power of appointing guardians.

6. - 2d. The person appointed must be capable of performing the duties; an idiot, therefore, cannot be appointed guardian.

7. - 3d. The person over whom a guardian is appointed, must be an infant; for after the party has attained¹¹ his full age, he is entitled to all his rights, if of sound mind, and, if not, the person appointed to take care of him is called a committee. (q. v.) No guardian of the person can be appointed over an infant whose father is alive, unless the latter be non compos mentis, in which case one may be appointed, as if the latter were dead.

8. - 4th. After his appointment, the guardian of the person is considered as standing¹² in the place of the father, and of course the relative powers and duties of guardian and ward¹³ correspond, in a great measure, to those of parent and child; in one prominent matter they are different. The father is entitled to the services of his child, and is bound to support him; the guardian is not entitled to the ward's services, and is not bound to maintain him out of his own estate.

9. - 2. A guardian of the estate is one who has been lawfully invested with the power of taking care and managing the estate of an infant. 1 John. R. 561; 7 John. Ch. R. 150. His appointment is made in the same manner, as that of a guardian of a person. It is the duty of the guardian to take reasonable and prudent¹⁴ care of the estate of the ward, and manage it in the most advantageous¹⁵ manner; and when the guardianship¹⁶ shall expire, to account with the ward for the administration of the estate.

10. Guardians have also been divided into guardians by nature; guardian's by nurture¹⁷; guardians in socage; testamentary guardians; statutory guardians; and guardians ad litem.

11. - 1. Guardian by nature, is the father, and, on his death, the mother; this guardianship extends only to the custody¹⁸ of the person; 3 Bro. C. C. 186; 1 John. Ch. R. 3; 3 Pick. R. 213; and continues till the child shall acquire the age of twenty one years. Co. Litt. 84 a.

12. - 2. Guardian by nurture, occurs only when the ifant is without any other guardian, and the right belongs exclusively to the parents, first to the father, and then to the mother. It extends only to the person, and determines, in males and females, at the age of fourteen. This species of guardianship has become obsolete¹⁹.

13. - 3. Guardian in socage, has the custody of the infant's lands as well as his person. The common law gave this guardianship to the next of blood to the child to whom the inheritance could not possibly descend²⁰. This species of guardianship has become obsolete, and does not perhaps exist in this country; for the guardian must be a relation by blood who cannot possibly inherit, and such a case can rarely exist. 2 Wend. 153: 15 Wend. 631; 6 Paige, 390; 7 Cowen, 36; 5 John.66.

14. - 4. Testamentary guardians; these are appointed under the stat. 12 Car. II., above mentioned; they supersede⁷ the claims of any other guardian, and extend to the person, an real and personal estate of the child, and continue till the ward arrives at full age.

15. - 5. Guardians appointed by the courts, by virtue²¹ of statutory authority. The distinction of guardians by nature, and by socage, appear to have become obsolete, and have been essentially²² superseded in practice by the appointment of guardians by courts of chancery, orphans' courts, probate courts, and such other courts as have jurisdiction to, make such appointments. Testamentary guardians might, as those of this class, be considered as statutory guardians, inasmuch as their appointment is authorized²³ by a statute.

16. - 6. Guardian ad litem, is pointed⁴ for the infant to defend him in an action brought against him. Every court, when an infant is sued in a civil action, has power to appoint a guardian ad litem when he has no guardian, for as the infant cannot appoint an attorney, he would be without assistance if such a guardian-were not appointed. The powers and duties of a guardian ad litem are confined to the defence of the suit. F. N. B. 27; Co. Litt. 88 b, note 16; Id. 135 b, note 1; see generally Bouv. Inst. Index, h. t.; Coop. Inst. 445 to 455.