英文法律词典 M-152_法律英语

英文法律词典 M-152

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MONITORY LETTER, eccl. law. The process of an official, a bishop¹ or other prelate having jurisdiction², issued to compel, by ecclesiastical censures³, those who know of a crime or other matter which requires to be explained, to come and reveal it. Merl. RÇpert. h. t.

MONOCRACY. A government by one person only.

MONOCRAT. A monarch⁴ who governs alone; an absolute governor. MONOGAMY. A marriage contracted between one man and one woman, in exclusion⁵ of all the rest of mankind; it is used in opposition⁶ to bigamy and polygamy. (q. v.) Wolff, Dr. de la Nat. 857. The state of having only one husband or one wife at one time.

MONOGRAM⁷. A character or cipher⁸ composed of one or more letters interwoven, being an abbreviation of a name.

2. A signature made by a monogram would perhaps be binding⁹, provided it could be proved to have been made and intended as a signature. 1 Denio, R. 471. And there seems to be no reason why such a signature should not be as binding as one which is altogether illegible¹⁰. See Initial; Mark; Signature.

MONOMANIA. med. jur. Insanity¹² only upon a particular subject; and with a single delusion¹³ of the mind.

2. The most simple form of this disorder¹⁴ is that in which the patient has imbibed¹⁵ some single notion, contrary to common sense and to his own experience, and which seems, and no doubt really is, dependent on errors of sensation. It is supposed the mind in other respects retains its intellectual powers. In order to avoid any civil act done, or criminal responsibility incurred¹⁶, it must manifestly appear that the act in question was the effect of monomania. Cyclop. Pract. Medicine, title Soundness and Unsoundness of Mind; Dr. Ray on Insanity, 203; 13 Ves. 89; 3 Bro. C. C. 444; 1 Addams' R. 283; Hagg. R. 18; 2 Addams' R. 102; 2 Addams' R. 79, 94, 209; 5 Car. & P. 168; Dr. Burrows¹⁷ on Insanity, 484, 485. Vide Delusion; Mania¹¹; and Trebuchet, Jur. de la MÇd. 55 to 58

MONOPOLY, commercial law. This word has various significations. 1. It is the abuse of free commerce by which one or more individuals have procured¹⁸ the advantage of selling alone all of a particular kind of merchandise, to the detriment¹⁹ of the public.

2. - 2. All combinations among merchants to raise the price of merchandise to the injury of the public, is also said to be a monopoly.

3. - 3. A monopoly is also an institution or allowance by a grant from the sovereign power of a state, by commission, letters patent, or otherwise, to any person, or corporation, by which the exclusive right of buying, selling, making, working, or using anything, is given. Bac. Abr. h. t.; 3 Inst. 181.

4. The constitutions of Maryland, North Carolina, and Tennessee, declare that "monopolies are contrary to the genius of a free government, and ought not to be allowed." Vide art. Copyyright; Patent.

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1 bishop
n.主教，（国际象棋）象
参考例句：
He was a bishop who was held in reverence by all.他是一位被大家都尊敬的主教。 Two years after his death the bishop was canonised.主教逝世两年后被正式封为圣者。

2 jurisdiction
n.司法权，审判权，管辖权，控制权
参考例句：
It doesn't lie within my jurisdiction to set you free.我无权将你释放。 Changzhou is under the jurisdiction of Jiangsu Province.常州隶属江苏省。

3 censures
v.指责，非难，谴责( censure的第三人称单数 )
参考例句：
With such censures I cannot profess that I completely agree. 对于这些指责，我不能说我完全同意。来自辞典例句 This is a review containing unfair censures of a new book. 这是对一本新书进行非难的文章。来自互联网

4 monarch
n.帝王，君主，最高统治者
参考例句：
The monarch's role is purely ceremonial.君主纯粹是个礼仪职位。 I think myself happier now than the greatest monarch upon earth.我觉得这个时候比世界上什么帝王都快乐。

5 exclusion
n.拒绝，排除，排斥，远足，远途旅行
参考例句：
Don't revise a few topics to the exclusion of all others.不要修改少数论题以致排除所有其他的。 He plays golf to the exclusion of all other sports.他专打高尔夫球，其他运动一概不参加。

6 opposition
n.反对，敌对
参考例句：
The party leader is facing opposition in his own backyard.该党领袖在自己的党內遇到了反对。 The police tried to break down the prisoner's opposition.警察设法制住了那个囚犯的反抗。

7 monogram
n.字母组合
参考例句：
There was a monogram in the corner in which were the initials"R.K.B.".原来手帕角上有个图案，其中包含着RKB三个字母。 When we get married I don't have to change the monogram on my luggage.当我们结婚后，我连皮箱上的字母也不用改。

8 cipher
n.零；无影响力的人；密码
参考例句：
All important plans were sent to the police in cipher.所有重要计划均以密码送往警方。 He's a mere cipher in the company.他在公司里是个无足轻重的小人物。

9 binding
有约束力的，有效的，应遵守的
参考例句：
The contract was not signed and has no binding force. 合同没有签署因而没有约束力。 Both sides have agreed that the arbitration will be binding. 双方都赞同仲裁具有约束力。

10 illegible
adj.难以辨认的，字迹模糊的
参考例句：
It is impossible to deliver this letter because the address is illegible.由于地址字迹不清，致使信件无法投递。 Can you see what this note says—his writing is almost illegible!你能看出这个便条上写些什么吗？他的笔迹几乎无法辨认。

11 mania
n.疯狂；躁狂症，狂热，癖好
参考例句：
Football mania is sweeping the country.足球热正风靡全国。 Collecting small items can easily become a mania.收藏零星物品往往容易变成一种癖好。

12 insanity
n.疯狂，精神错乱；极端的愚蠢，荒唐
参考例句：
In his defense he alleged temporary insanity.他伪称一时精神错乱，为自己辩解。 He remained in his cell,and this visit only increased the belief in his insanity.他依旧还是住在他的地牢里，这次视察只是更加使人相信他是个疯子了。

13 delusion
n.谬见，欺骗，幻觉，迷惑
参考例句：
He is under the delusion that he is Napoleon.他患了妄想症，认为自己是拿破仑。 I was under the delusion that he intended to marry me.我误认为他要娶我。

14 disorder
n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调
参考例句：
When returning back,he discovered the room to be in disorder.回家后，他发现屋子里乱七八糟。 It contained a vast number of letters in great disorder.里面七零八落地装着许多信件。

15 imbibed
v.吸收( imbibe的过去式和过去分词 )；喝；吸取；吸气
参考例句：
They imbibed the local cider before walking home to dinner. 他们在走回家吃饭之前喝了本地的苹果酒。来自《简明英汉词典》 Hester Prynne imbibed this spirit. 海丝特 - 白兰汲取了这一精神。来自英汉文学 - 红字

16 incurred
[医]招致的，遭受的； incur的过去式
参考例句：
She had incurred the wrath of her father by marrying without his consent 她未经父亲同意就结婚，使父亲震怒。 We will reimburse any expenses incurred. 我们将付还所有相关费用。

17 burrows
n.地洞( burrow的名词复数 )v.挖掘（洞穴），挖洞( burrow的第三人称单数 )；翻寻
参考例句：
The intertidal beach unit contains some organism burrows. 潮间海滩单元含有一些生物潜穴。来自辞典例句 A mole burrows its way through the ground. 鼹鼠会在地下钻洞前进。来自辞典例句

18 procured
v.（努力）取得，（设法）获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 )；拉皮条
参考例句：
These cars are to be procured through open tender. 这些汽车要用公开招标的办法购买。来自《现代汉英综合大词典》 A friend procured a position in the bank for my big brother. 一位朋友为我哥哥谋得了一个银行的职位。来自《用法词典》

19 detriment
n.损害；损害物，造成损害的根源
参考例句：
Smoking is a detriment to one's health.吸烟危害健康。 His lack of education is a serious detriment to his career.他的未受教育对他的事业是一种严重的妨碍。

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