英语时态的用法之四

时间：2007-07-27 03:09:59

（单词翻译:单击）

现在完成时的用法
 
（1）表示动作已经完成，但后果或影响仍在。常与already1, just, yet2等副词连用。
I have just read your letter.我刚刚读完你的信。
He has already come back.他已经回来了.
 
（2）表示过去发生的动作一直持续到现在。常与for或since3引导的一段时间状语连用。
He has lived here for three years.他在此住了两年了。
I have been here since 1976.自从1976年我就一直在这里。
     ①．for后通常跟一个时间段，而since后只能跟一个具体的时间点。
如：for two weeks持续两周时间；since Monday自从周一
     ②．现在完成时的肯定句，其谓语动词如果是瞬间动词，如come, go, begin, join等，则不可与表示一段时间的状语连用。
如：他到此两周了：He has arrived here for two weeks.（×）
此时需转换表达方式：
①用ago代替for，并改为一般过去时
②用延续性动词代替瞬间动词
③用It is/It has been…since…句型，如：
  He arrived here two weeks ago.
  He has been here for two weeks.
  It is/It has been two weeks since he arrived here.
当瞬间动词用于否定句时，则可以与时间段连用。
如：I haven’t gone there for six years.我六年没去那儿。
 
（3）表示过去发生过一次或多次的动作已成为某种经验。
I have been to Paris twice4.我去过巴黎两次。
It’s one of the most interesting films I’ve ever5 seen6.它是我看过的最有趣的电影之一。
比较have been to与have gone to
have been to表示“去过某地”，现在已回来了，可以与ever twice等词连用。如：
 I have ever been to London.我曾去过伦敦。
have gone to表示“去某地了”现在尚未回来，不能与ever, twice等词连用。
 He has gone to London.他去伦敦了。
 
  现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
 
二者都表示“动作已经发生”，区别在于：
    （1）现在完成时强调这一动作与现在的关系，即对现在产生的结果、影响等，而一般过去时只表示过去的事实，不表示和现在的关系。
He has learned7 French8 for three years.他学法语已三年了。
He learned French for three years.他曾学过三年法语。
Who has taken my bag? I couldn't find it.　谁拿走了我的包？我找不着了！
He cleaned the house yesterday.　他昨天打扫过房间。
The room is clean, for he has cleaned it already.　房间很干净，因为他已经打扫过了。
 
    （2）现在完成时不可与表示过去的时间副词连用，而一般过去时则可以。
 He has done some washing11 yesterday. （F）
He did12 some washing yesterday. （T）       
他昨天洗衣服了。  
 
 过去完成时的用法
与现在完成的用法相同，只不过作为衡量基准点的时间点不同，现在完成时以现在作为衡量的基准点，而过去完成时则以过去某个时刻作为基准点。
（1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”，常by, before引导的时间状语连用。
如：By the time he was10 ten, Edison had13 built14 a lab15 for himself16. 
到爱迪生10岁时，他已给自己建了一个实验室。
He had measured17 me before I could9 get in a word.我还没说话，他已把衣服量完了。
We had scarcely18 reached19 the school before it began to rain.
  我们刚到学校天就下雨了。
 
（2）表示由过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。常与for和since引导的时间状语相连用。
She said20 she had worked in that hospital for 20 years.她说她已在那所医院工作20年了。
He said he had taught21 in the university22 since 1957.他说自从1957年他就在这所大学任教。

      （3）叙述过去发生的事情后，反过来又追叙或补述更早以前发生的动作时，常用过去完成时。
I knew nothing about this matter, for I had been away for six month.
对于此事我一无所知，因为我已离开6个月了。
 Some people ran23 into the street. They had heard a loud noise.
有些人跑上了街，他们听到很响的嘈杂声。  

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1 already wLByk     
adv.已经
参考例句：
  • We have eaten already.我们已经吃过了。
  • I've been there already,so I don't want to go again.我早已去过那里了，所以我不想再去了。
2 yet TVOzu     
adv.还，仍然，即刻；conj.尽管，然而
参考例句：
  • I am not ready yet.我还没有准备好。
  • Beautiful as she is,she didn't find a boyfriend yet.尽管她很漂亮，但还没找到男朋友呢。
3 since syswX     
adv.后来；conj.既然，因为，自从；prep.自从
参考例句：
  • He's been working in a bank since leaving school.自从毕业后，他就一直在一家银行工作。
  • I have known him ever since I was a child.我自孩提时代起就已经认识他了。
4 twice ClIwt     
adv.两次；两倍
参考例句：
  • Bob phoned twice today.鲍勃今天打了两次电话。
  • I woke up twice in the night.我夜里醒过两次。
5 ever ZijzR     
adv.曾经；永远；不断地；在任何时候；究竟
参考例句：
  • Have you ever been to hangzhou?你曾经去过杭州吗？
  • I will be young and strong and beautiful for ever.我将永远年轻、强壮，永远漂亮。
6 seen ujyzZX     
vbl.(see的过去分词)看见
参考例句：
  • Since I left college, I have not seen him.自从我离开大学以后，就没有见过他了。
  • I hope to have seen the film next week.我希望下星期能看到这部电影。
7 learned m1oxn     
adj.有学问的，博学的；learn的过去式和过去分词
参考例句：
  • He went into a rage when he learned about it.他听到这事后勃然大怒。
  • In this little village,he passed for a learned man.在这个小村子里，他被视为有学问的人。
8 French EiLxQ     
adj.法国(人)的，法语的；n.法语；vt.剁肉，蔬菜切成长条
参考例句：
  • She reads French quite well,but doesn't speak it.她法语的阅读能力相当强，但不会讲。
  • The only French city she enjoyed was Paris.巴黎是她惟一喜欢的法国城市。
9 could lzvxe     
v.能，可能(can的过去式)；aux.v.(can的过去式)能；可以
参考例句：
  • Could I open the window?我可以打开窗子吗？
  • I could wait ten minutes.我可以等十分钟。
10 was bglwv     
v.(is,am的过去式)是，在
参考例句：
  • He said he was right.他说他是正确的。
  • He was cold and hungry.他又冷又饿。
11 washing IeKzjA     
n.洗，洗涤，洗衣，洗脸，洗澡，冲洗，冲刷
参考例句：
  • A washing machine is run by a small electric motor.洗衣机由一台小电动机驱动。
  • She hung the washing on the line to dry.她把洗好的衣服晾在绳子上。
12 did SvwxP     
v.动词do的过去式
参考例句：
  • How many goals did you score in the last game?上一场比赛你们进了几个球？
  • Why did you choose basketball in the first place?你为何首先选择篮球呢？
13 had FeBxb     
vbl.have的过去式和过去分词；conj.有
参考例句：
  • I just had a good idea!我有个好主意！
  • The boy had a small branch of a tree in his hand.这个男孩手上拿一条小树枝。
14 built XS6y2     
v.build的过去式和过去分词
参考例句：
  • My father built his business on years of hard work.我父亲多年奋斗创立了自己的事业。
  • Ten years later,the school built out two buildings.10年后这个学校又增建了两栋建筑。
15 lab U2Yxf     
n.实验室
参考例句：
  • Who is in the lab this morning?今天早上谁在实验室？
  • We usually have Science in the science lab.我们通常在科学实验室里上科学课。
16 himself qdRxV     
pron.他自己
参考例句：
  • He is proud of himself.他为自己感到自豪。
  • He said to his mother that he would do it by himself.他对他的母亲说他将自己独立做那件事。
17 measured 3odzBp     
adj.仔细斟酌的，慎重的；缓慢而又有节奏的v.量( measure的过去式和过去分词 )；测量；衡量；量出
参考例句：
  • The storm measured 10 on the Beaufort scale . 这次风暴按蒲福风级测量为10级。
  • He delivered his words in slow, measured cadences. 他讲话缓慢而抑扬顿挫、把握有度。
18 scarcely Vj6zJq     
adv.几乎不，简直没有，勉强
参考例句：
  • He found the dullness of his work scarcely bearable.他觉得他的工作枯燥乏味，简直无法忍受。
  • She scarcely earns enough money to make ends meet.她几乎挣不到足够的钱以维持开支。
19 reached f910ff3a8628ebda9c67ed678703fd7d     
v.到达( reach的过去式和过去分词 )；联络；伸出手臂，延伸
参考例句：
  • An amicable settlement was reached. 已达成和解。
  • After much hard bargaining we reached an agreement. 经过一番艰难的讨价还价，我们达成了协议。
20 said IYtxh     
v.动词say的过去式、过去分词
参考例句：
  • He said to me that he could not come.他对我说他不能来。
  • He said to his mother that he would do it by himself.他对他的母亲说他将自己独立做那件事。
21 taught Sq2wK     
v.teach的过去式过去分词
参考例句：
  • Children must be taught to be careful of traffic.必须教育孩子要当心车辆。
  • Miss Brown taught my daughter last year.去年是布朗小姐教我女儿的。
22 university TktwV     
n.大学
参考例句：
  • She teaches English at the University of Wales.她在威尔士大学教英语。
  • I'm going to enter a university.我要上大学。
23 ran lTxxe     
vbl.run的过去式
参考例句：
  • He ran,and then slowed down to a walk.他跑着，然后放慢速度步行。
  • As soon as Marie opened the door,the dog ran in.当玛丽一打开门，狗就跑了进来。

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