算盘是怎么来的

算盘是人类历史上一种重要的计算工具，被称为"现代计算机"的前身。现在，就让我们来探究一下算盘的历史吧！

The origins of the abacus¹ are disputed, as many different cultures have been known to have used similar tools. It is known to have existed in Babylonia and in China, and was likely invented sometime between 1000 BCE and 500 BCE. The first abacus was almost certainly based on a flat stone covered with sand or dust. Lines were drawn² in the sand and pebbles³ used to aid calculations. From this, a variety of abaci were developed; the most popular were based on the bi-quinary system, using a combination of two bases (base-2 and base-5) to represent decimal numbers.

The use of the word abacus dates back to before 1387 when a Middle English word borrowed the word from Latin to describe a sandboard abacus. The Latin word came from abakos, the Greek genitive form of abax ("calculating-table"). Because abax also had the sense of "table sprinkled with sand or dust, used for drawing geometric figures," some linguists⁴ speculate that the Greek word may be derived⁵ from a Semitic root, ābāq, the Hebrew word for "dust." Though details of the transmission are obscure, it may also be derived from the Phoenician word abak, meaning "sand". The plural⁶ of abacus is abaci.

A tablet found on the island of Salamis (near Greece) in 1846 dates back to the Babylonians of 300 BCE making it the oldest counting board discovered so far. It was originally thought to be a gaming board. Its construction is a slab⁷ of white marble measuring 149 cm in length, 75 cm in width and 4.5 cm thick, on which are 5 groups of markings. In the center of the tablet are a set of 5 parallel lines equally divided by a vertical⁸ line, capped with a semi-circle at the intersection⁹ of the bottom-most horizontal line and the single vertical line. Below these lines is a wide space with a horizontal crack dividing it. Below this crack is another group of eleven parallel lines, again divided into two sections by a line perpendicular¹⁰ to them but with the semi-circle at the top of the intersection; the third, sixth and ninth of these lines are marked with a cross where they intersect with the vertical line.

Salamis: 沙拉米斯