古代考拉：喧吵、懒惰、不食树胶

Skull头盖骨，脑壳 fragments of prehistoric²陈旧的，史前的 koalas from the Riversleigh rainforests of millions of year ago suggest they shared the modern koala's "lazy" lifestyle and ability to produce loud "bellowing吼叫声，轰鸣声" calls to attract mates and provide warnings about predators食肉动物. However, the new findings published as the featured cover article in the current issue of The Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology suggest that the two species of koalas from the Miocene第三纪中新世 (24 to five million years ago) did not share the uniquely specialized⁴ eucalyptus桉树 leaf diet of the modern koala (Phascolarctos cinereus).

The shift to a wholly eucalyptus⁵ diet by modern koalas was an adaptation that probably came later as Australia drifted north, causing its rainforests to retreat and Eucalypts to become the dominant⁶ tree of most Australian forests and woodlands林地.

Modern koalas – the sole living member of the diprotodontian marsupial有袋的 family Phascolarctidae –are among the largest of all arboreal⁸ leaf-eaters. To attain⁹达到，获得 this remarkable¹⁰ condition on a diet of eucalyptus leaves, a notoriously臭名昭著地 poor and somewhat toxic¹¹ food source, the tree-dwelling住处，寓所 marsupials developed unique anatomical解剖学的，结构的 and physiological¹² adaptations including specialized chewing and digestive anatomies¹³ and a highly sedentary久坐的，静坐的 lifestyle. The dramatic differences between the skulls¹⁴ of extinct and modern koalas, especially in the facial region, are probably related to the change to a tougher diet of eucalyptus leaves.

Researchers from the University of New South Wales and the CSIRO have drawn¹⁶ these conclusions after making dozens of detailed¹⁷ anatomical comparisons between the brush-tailed possum负鼠, the modern koala and the two fossil species (Litokoala kutjamarpensis and Nimiokoala greystanesi).

The fossil species were unearthed¹⁸ from the Riversleigh World Heritage site in Queensland, Australia. The comparisons reveal similarities in the back of the skull¹ between the modern and fossil koalas, but substantial differences in their teeth, palate味觉 and jaws²⁰.

Koalas are most closely related among living marsupials to wombats²¹袋熊 but the two species diverged²²分歧，分叉 some 30-40 million years ago. Among fossil koalas there are 18 named species representing five genera种，类，属 spanning the period from the late Oligocene (37 million years ago) to the present.

However, they are generally scarce in the fossil record and most species are only known from a few isolated²³ teeth or jaw¹⁹ fragments. Therefore, it has been difficult to develop an accurate picture of their behaviour, diet and evolution.

The researchers believe that the prehistoric陈旧的，史前的 koalas also shared with their modern cousins the ability to produce loud "bellows²⁴" based on similar large bony prominences²⁵ – the auditory bullae – that enclose structures in the middle and inner ear. However the auditory bullae of the extinct Nimiokoala and Litokoala species are not as exaggerated as in the modern koala, according to team member UNSW Professor Mike Archer¹⁵.

"Modern koalas are extremely sedentary and vocal²⁶ animals," says Archer, who is perhaps best known for leading research into the extraordinary Riversleigh fossil deposits in Queensland, which led to the site being listed on the World Heritage Register.

"They produce low frequency vocalisations that pass through vegetation and can be heard up to 800 metres away – far exceeding the home range limits of male koalas. The fossil koalas share similar large bony多骨的 ear structures to the modern koala and would have been well adapted to detecting vocalisations in the rainforest environment of Riversleigh in the Miocene era."

"In order to accommodate供应，调解 both the mechanical demands of their new diet, as well as maintaining their auditory sophistication诡辩，负责, the koala underwent substantial changes to its cranial头盖的 anatomy²⁷, in particular that of the facial skeleton," says Dr Julien Louys of UNSW's School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences. "The unique cranial configuration²⁸ of the modern koala is therefore the result of accommodating their masticatory²⁹ adaptations without compromising their auditory system."