加拿大马尼托巴湖附近发现灰熊踪迹

Biologists affiliated¹ with（交往） the American Museum of Natural History and City College of the City University of New York have found that grizzly²（灰色的） bears are roaming（闲逛，漫步） into what was traditionally thought of as polar bear habitat—and into the Canadian province of Manitoba, where they are officially listed as extirpated³（灭绝，破除） . The preliminary data was recently published in Canadian Field Naturalist⁴ and shows that sightings of Ursus arctos horribilis（灰熊） in Canada's Wapusk National Park are recent and appear to be increasing in frequency. "Grizzly bears are a new guy on the scene, competition and a potential predator⁵ for the polar bears that live in this area," says Robert F. Rockwell, a research associate at the Museum and a professor of Biology at CUNY. "The first time we saw a grizzly we were flying over the middle of Wapusk, counting fox dens⁷（兽窝） , when all of the sudden Linda Gormezano, a graduate student working with Rockwell and a co-author of the paper, shouted 'Over there, over there—a grizzly bear.' And it wasn't a dirty polar bear or a moose（驼鹿） —we saw the hump（圆形隆起物，驼背） ."

That sighting in August 2008 spurred Rockwell and Gormezano to look through records to get a better picture of the bear population in the park. There was no evidence of grizzly bears before 1996, not even in the trapping data from centuries of Hudson Bay Company operation. But between 1996 and 2008 the team found nine confirmed sightings of grizzly bears, and in the summer of 2009 there were three additional observations.

"The opportunistic sightings seem to be increasing," says Gormezano. "This is worrying for the polar bears because grizzly bears would likely hibernate⁸（冬眠，过冬） in polar bear maternity⁹ denning¹⁰ habitat. They would come out of hibernation¹¹ at the same time and can kill polar cubs¹²."

Before this study, researchers thought that the barren（贫瘠的） landscape north of the Hudson Bay was an impassable gap in resources for potentially migrating grizzly bears. But some U. arctos horribilis have managed to move from their historic ranges in the Rockies, the Yukon, and Nunavut, probably because of their flexible, mixed diet of berries and meat. The potential gap was navigable（可航行的） , and now some grizzly bears have reached the abundant caribou¹³（北美驯鹿） , moose, fish, and berries found to the south in Canada's Wapusk National Park.

"Although we don't yet know if they are wandering or staying—the proof will come from an observed den⁶ or cubs—these animals will eventually be residents of this national park," says Rockwell. "The Cree elders we talked to feel that now that grizzly bears have found this food source they will be staying."

"A big question is how to deal with these new residents," continues Gormezano. "In Canada, both the polar and grizzly bear are federally listed as species of special concern. In Manitoba, the polar bear is provincially¹⁴ listed as threatened while the prairie（大草原，牧场） population of the grizzly bear is listed as extirpated."