以外界任意振动为动力的迷你发电机将问世

Tiny generators¹ developed at the University of Michigan could produce enough electricity from random²（任意的，随机的） , ambient（周围的，外界的） vibrations⁴ to power a wristwatch, pacemaker or wireless⁵ sensor⁶. The energy-harvesting devices, created at U-M's Engineering Research Center for Wireless Integrated Microsystems, are highly efficient at providing renewable electrical power from arbitrary（任意的，武断的） , non-periodic vibrations. This type of vibration³ is a byproduct of traffic driving on bridges, machinery⁷ operating in factories and humans moving their limbs, for example.

The Parametric（参数的） Frequency Increased Generators (PFIGs) were created by Khalil Najafi, chair of electrical and computer engineering, and Tzeno Galchev, a doctoral student in the same department.

Most similar devices have more limited abilities because they rely on regular, predictable energy sources, said Najafi, who is the Schlumberger Professor of Engineering and also a professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering.

"The vast majority of environmental kinetic⁸ energy（动能） surrounding us everyday does not occur in periodic, repeatable patterns. Energy from traffic on a busy street or bridge or in a tunnel, and people walking up and down stairs, for example, cause vibrations that are non-periodic and occur at low frequencies," Najafi said. "Our parametric generators are more efficient in these environments."

The researchers have built three prototypes（原型） and a fourth is forthcoming. In two of the generators, the energy conversion⁹ is performed through electromagnetic induction¹⁰（电磁感应） , in which a coil is subjected to a varying magnetic field. This is a process similar to how large-scale generators in big power plants operate.

The latest and smallest device, which measures one cubic centimeter, uses a piezoelectric material（压电材料） , which is a type of material that produces charge when it is stressed. This version has applications in infrastructure¹¹ health monitoring. The generators could one day power bridge sensors¹² that would warn inspectors¹³ of cracks or corrosion¹⁴（腐蚀，衰败） before human eyes could discern（识别，辨别） problems.

The generators have demonstrated that they can produce up to 0.5 milliwatts (or 500 microwatts) from typical vibration amplitudes¹⁵（振动振幅） found on the human body. That's more than enough energy to run a wristwatch, which needs between one and 10 microwatts, or a pacemaker, which needs between 10 and 50. A milliwatt is 1,000 microwatts.

"The ultimate goal is to enable various applications like remote wireless sensors and surgically¹⁶ implanted medical devices," Galchev said. "These are long lifetime applications where it is very costly¹⁷ to replace depleted¹⁸（废弃的，耗尽的） batteries or, worse, to have to wire the sensors to a power source."

Batteries are often an inefficient¹⁹ way to power the growing array of wireless sensors being created today, Najafi said. Energy scavenging（清除，净化） can provide a better option.

"There is a fundamental question that needs to be answered about how to power wireless electronic devices, which are becoming ubiquitous（普遍存在的） and at the same time very efficient," Najafi said. "There is plenty of energy surrounding these systems in the form of vibrations, heat, solar, and wind."

These generators could also power wireless sensors deployed²⁰ in buildings to make them more energy efficient（节能） , or throughout large public spaces to monitor for toxins²¹（毒素，毒质） or pollutants²².