Ensembl计划物种基因定序成功10年

Today's publication in Nature of the genetic¹ blueprint² for the zebra finch³（斑胸草雀） marks 10 years of success for the Ensembl project in helping⁴ researchers to navigate⁵ the genomes of a Noah's Ark of species. Ensembl, a genome annotation⁶（注释，注解） system co-developed and jointly⁸（共同地，连带地） run by the European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) and the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, played a major part in finding the genes⁹ and other functionally¹⁰ important features in the zebra finch genome. For zebra finch, only the second bird to have its genome fully¹¹ sequenced after the chicken, this interpretation¹² of the genetic code has enabled the sequencing consortium（财团，合伙） to identify genes expressed in the zebra finch brain that may be responsible for vocalising（发声） messages: zebra finches communicate by singing whereas（鉴于，反之） chickens cannot.

"Trying to navigate a genome that has not been annotated¹³（有注释的，带注解的） with important features such as genes and regulatory regions is a little bit like trying to read a map missing all the labels," explains Paul Flicek, joint⁷ head of Ensembl and leader of the Vertebrate Genomics team at EMBL-EBI. "Without this annotation, the data gathered from sequencing projects would remain undecipherable（难辨认的，破译不出的） ."

Ensembl, which was originally created as a means of cataloguing the genes in the human genome, now contains the complete genetic codes of more than 50 animals. In addition to zebra finch, Ensembl has unravelled¹⁴（阐明，解决） the genomes of organisms ranging in complexity¹⁵ from the humble¹⁶ nematode（线虫） worm through the duck billed platypus¹⁷（鸭嘴兽） to ourselves.

"Genome analysis and comparison is key to linking genes to function and explaining why species differ from each other," says Steve Searle, joint head of Ensembl and of Vertebrate Annotation at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute "In addition to helping us know more about evolutionary¹⁸ relationships and genetic diversity, it also provides the tools to tackle disease at the genetic level."

"Over 10 years Ensembl has become part of the infrastructure¹⁹ of biological research," says Tim Hubbard, Head of Informatics at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. "Looking back it's hard to imagine research before genomes and genome browsers²⁰."

Combining information held in Ensembl with the related Ensembl Genomes resource for the genomes of bacteria, fungi²¹（真菌） , plants, metazoa（后生动物，复细胞动物） and protists（原生动物） launched by EMBL-EBI last year, every sequenced genome provides another jigsaw²²（线锯，镂花锯） piece in cataloguing the genetic diversity of life.