科学家疑似发现新种虎鲸

In a report published today in the journal Genome Research, scientists report finding strong genetic¹ evidence supporting the theory there are several species of killer² whales（虎鲸） (Orcinus orca, also known as orcas) throughout the world's oceans. Scientists have suspected for some time that there was more than one species of killer whales because of differences in behavior, feeding preferences and subtle（微妙的，敏感的） physical features. But until now DNA³ analysis has been inconclusive（非决定性的，不确定的） because of the inability to map the entire genetic picture, or genome, of the whales' mitochondria（线粒体） , an organelle（细胞器） within the cell inherited from（从……继承） the mother.

"The genetic makeup⁴ of mitochondria in killer whales, like other cetaceans（鲸目动物） , changes very little over time, which makes it difficult to detect any differentiation⁵ in recently evolved species without looking at the entire genome," said Phillip Morin, lead author and geneticist at NOAA's Southwest Fisheries Science Center in La Jolla, Calif. "But by using a relatively⁶ new method called, 'highly parallel sequencing' to map the entire genome of the cell's mitochondria from a worldwide sample of killer whales, we were able to see clear differences among the species."

In all, tissue samples from 139 killer whales were analyzed⁷. Samples came from killer whales found in the North Pacific, the North Atlantic and oceans surrounding Antarctica. As a result of the study, two types of killer whales in the Antarctic that eat fish and seals, respectively（分别地，各地地） , are suggested as separate species, along with mammal-eating "transient（短暂的，路过的） " killer whales in the North Pacific. Several other types of killer whales may also be separate species or subspecies（亚种） , but additional analysis is required.

Highly parallel sequencing of DNA is far faster and less costly⁸ than historical methods of analysis. For instance, the examination of mitochondrial DNA genome in one sample could have taken as long as several months. But with the use of high throughput sequencing, researchers can complete the same analysis for 50 or more samples in just a few weeks, and technology to sequence larger parts of the genome and more individuals continues to improve rapidly.

Determining how many species of killer whales there are is critically important for resource managers to establish conservation priorities and to better understand the ecological⁹（生态的） role of this large and widespread predator¹⁰（食肉动物，捕食者） in the world's oceans.