印尼珊瑚发生大面积白化现象

The Wildlife Conservation Society today released initial field observations（野外观测，实地观察） that indicate that a dramatic rise in the surface temperature in Indonesian waters has resulted in a large-scale bleaching¹ event that has devastated² coral populations. WCS's Indonesia Program "Rapid Response Unit" of marine³ biologists was dispatched（调度，派遣） to investigate coral bleaching reported in May in Aceh–a province of Indonesia–located on the northern tip of the island of Sumatra. The initial survey carried out by the team revealed that over 60 percent of corals were bleached⁴.

"Bleaching"– a whitening of corals that occurs when algae⁵（海藻） living within coral tissues are expelled（开除，驱逐） – is an indication of stress caused by environmental triggers such as sea surface temperature fluctuations⁶（温度波动，温度涨落） . Depending on many factors, bleached coral may recover over time or die.

Subsequent monitoring conducted by marine ecologists from WCS, James Cook University (Australia), and Syiah Kuala University (Indonesia) were completed in early August and revealed one of the most rapid and severe coral mortality events ever recorded. The scientists found that 80 percent of some species have died since the initial assessment⁷ and more colonies are expected to die within the next few months.

The event is the result of a rise in sea surface temperatures in the Andaman Sea – an area that includes the coasts of Myanmar, Thailand, the Andaman and Nicobar Island, and northwestern Indonesia. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric⁸ Administration's Coral Hotspots website, temperatures in the region peaked in late May of 2010, when the temperature reached 34 degrees Celsius⁹—4 degrees Celsius higher than long term averages for the area.

"It's a disappointing development particularly in light of（根据，鉴于） the fact that these same corals proved resilient（有弹力的） to other disruptions to this ecosystem¹⁰, including the Indian Ocean Tsunami¹¹ of 2004," said WCS Indonesia Marine Program Director Dr. Stuart Campbell.

WCS and JCU have been working in the region since March 2005. Surveys conducted in the wake of the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004 revealed that the many reefs of Aceh were largely unaffected by this massive disturbance¹³. Indeed, reefs severely¹⁴ damaged by poor land use and destructive fishing prior to the tsunami had recovered dramatically in the intervening years due to improved management. Government and community-managed areas in the region have been remarkably¹⁵ successful at maintaining fish biomass despite ongoing¹⁶ access to the reefs. But the bleaching and mortality in 2010 have rapidly reversed this recovery and will have a profound effect on reef fisheries（渔业，渔场） .

Of particular concern is the scale of the sea surface temperature anomaly（异常，不规则） which the NOAA website indicates has affected¹² the entire Andaman Sea and beyond. Similar mass bleaching events in 2010 have now been recorded in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia and many parts of Indonesia.

"If a similar degree of mortality is apparent at other sites in the Andaman Sea this will be the worst bleaching event ever recorded in the region," according to Dr. Andrew Baird of the ARC Centre of Excellence¹⁷ for Coral Reef Studies at JCU. "The destruction of these upstream reefs means recovery is likely to take much longer than before".

"This is a tragedy not only for some of the world's most biodiverse coral reefs, but also for people in the region, many of whom are extremely impoverished¹⁸（穷困的） and depend on these reefs for their food and livelihoods¹⁹（生计，生活） ," said WCS Marine Program Director Dr. Caleb McClennen. "Immediate²⁰ and intensive management will be required to try and help these reefs, their fisheries and the entire ecosystem recover and adapt. However, coral reefs cannot be protected from the warming ocean temperatures brought on by a changing climate by local actions alone. This is another unfortunate reminder²¹ that international efforts to curb²² the causes and effects of climate change must be made if these sensitive ecosystems²³ and the vulnerable human communities around the world that depend on them are to adapt and endure."