超黑暗探测器促先进技术发展

NIST will use the new ultra-dark detector¹, described in a new paper in Nano Letters, to make precision laser power measurements for advanced technologies such as optical communications, laser-based manufacturing, solar energy conversion²（能量转换） , and industrial and satellite-borne sensors³. Inspired by a 2008 paper by Rensselaer Polytechnic⁴ Institute (RPI) on "the darkest man-made material ever," the NIST team used a sparse⁵（稀疏的） array of fine nanotubes as a coating for a thermal⁶ detector, a device used to measure laser power. A co-author at Stony⁷ Brook⁸ University in New York grew the nanotube coating. The coating absorbs laser light and converts it to heat, which is registered in pyroelectric（热电的） material (lithium tantalate钽酸盐 in this case). The rise in temperature generates a current, which is measured to determine the power of the laser. The blacker the coating, the more efficiently⁹ it absorbs light instead of reflecting it, and the more accurate the measurements.

The new NIST detector uniformly reflects less than 0.1 percent of light at wavelengths¹⁰ from deep violet at 400 nanometers (nm) to near infrared¹¹ at 4 micrometers (μm) and less than 1 percent of light in the infrared spectrum¹² from 4 to 14 μm. The results are similar to those reported for the RPI material and in a 2009 paper by a Japanese group. The NIST work is unique in that the nanotubes were grown on pyroelectric material, whereas the other groups grew them on silicon¹³. NIST researchers plan to extend the calibrated¹⁵ operating range of their device to 50 or even 100 micrometer wavelengths, to perhaps provide a standard for terahertz（太赫，兆赫） radiation power.

NIST previously¹⁶ made detector coatings from a variety of materials, including flat nanotube mats. The new coating is a vertical¹⁷ forest of multiwalled nanotubes, each less than 10 nanometers in diameter and about 160 micrometers long. The deep hollows may help trap light, and the random¹⁸ pattern diffuses¹⁹（扩散，传播） any reflected light in various directions. Measuring how much light was reflected across a broad spectrum was technically²⁰ demanding; the NIST team spent hundreds of hours using five different methods to measure the vanishingly low reflectance with adequate precision. Three of the five methods involved comparisons of the nanotube-coated detector to a calibrated standard.

Carbon nanotubes offer ideal properties for thermal detector coatings, in part because they are efficient heat conductors. Nickel（镍） phosphorous（磷的） , for example, reflects less light at some wavelengths, but does not conduct heat as well. The new carbon nanotube materials also are darker than NIST's various Standard Reference Materials for black color developed years ago to calibrate¹⁴ instruments.