热带雨林中发现玛雅人蓄水池

Since 2009, researchers from Bonn and Mexico have been systematically¹ uncovering and mapping the old walls of Uxul, a Mayan city. "In the process, we also came across two, about 100m square water reservoirs（蓄水池） ," explained Iken Paap, who directs the project with Professor Dr. Nikolai Grube and the Mexican archaeologist（考古学家） Antonio Benavides Castillo. Such monster pools, which are also known from other Mayan cities, are called "aguadas." Similar to present-day water towers, they served to store drinking water. But the people of Uxul seem to have thought of a particularly smart way to seal their aguada（浅洼地） . "We conducted a trial dig in the center of one of the water reservoirs," explains Nicolaus Seefeld, a young scholar. "We found that the bottom, which is at a depth of two meters, was covered with ceramic²（陶瓷的） shards³（陶瓷碎片） – probably from plates – practically without any gaps. But we don't know yet whether it's like this throughout the entire aguada."

If so, that would be a minor⁴ sensation – merely due to the quantity of ceramics⁵（制陶业） required. The aguadas in Uxul were each as large as ten Olympic-size pools. Maybe there used to be even more artificial lakes. After all, the precious commodity had to be enough to last a population of at least 2,000 through the 3-month dry season.

The Mayan term "uxul," by the way, means "at the end" in English. Karl Ruppert and John H. Denison from the Carnegie Institution of Washington, who discovered the city, had named it that in 1934 – exhausted⁶ and sick after a long expedition through the jungles of Mexico's Yucatán peninsula（半岛） . The city's original name remains⁷ unknown to this day.

If Uxul was "at the end of the world" in the 1930's, not much has changed today. "You can only get to the ruins via 120 km of jungle paths clear across the Calakmul Biosphere⁸ Reserve, far from modern roads and settlements," explains Dr. Iken Paap. These are difficult conditions for the archaeologists and the German-Mexican excavation⁹ team. This year, they spent three months in the forest to explore the Mayan city.

Flourishing trade center

What is becoming more and more obvious as the excavations¹⁰ progress is the fact that Uxul was nowhere near "at the end" or isolated¹¹ in the jungle during its heyday¹²（全盛期） in the Classical period (250 to 900 A.D.): Uxul was located in a densely¹³ populated area between the big Mayan cities of El Mirador to the south and Calakmul to the northeast. It had trade connections as far as present-day southern Guatemala and the Central Mexican Plateau.

Uxul was settled for several epochs（新纪元） of the Mayan culture. So much was concluded by the Bonn scholars after analyzing¹⁴ the dig and its settlement layers. "This year, we were able to excavate¹⁵（挖掘，开凿） a sequence of layers that was over three meters deep, ranging probably from the late Pre- to the End- or Post-Classical periods," explains Iken Paap.

Inscriptions¹⁶（铭文，碑文） report that, around 630 A.D., Uxul was annexed¹⁷ under the rule of Calakmul, which was at a distance of about 26 kilometers. To what extent was life in the city and the surrounding area affected¹⁸ and influenced by such changes in power? Did Uxul have its own trade connections that continued to exist during Calakmul's rule? Did the population experience the crises of the elites¹⁹ directly in their own daily lives? Or were these disputes between the ruling powers, which have been given more importance due to being recorded on steles（石碑，石柱） and altars（圣坛，祭坛） than they were accorded by contemporary strata²⁰（地层，阶层） of the population?

"This Spring for the first time we found tombs that had not been destroyed by grave robbers in their search for ceramics and jade²¹ jewelry," said Professor Dr. Nikolai Grube. "We are hoping that this and new studies on the drinking water system and history of vegetation will provide us with new insights into the living situation of the population of this Mayan city."