辐射病可能找到治疗良方

A combination of two drugs may alleviate¹（减轻，缓和） radiation sickness in people who have been exposed to high levels of radiation, even when the therapy is given a day after the exposure occurred, according to a study led by scientists from Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Children's Hospital Boston. Mouse studies of other potential therapies suggest they would be effective in humans only if administered within a few minutes or hours of radiation exposure, making them impractical² for use in response to events involving mass casualties. In contrast, the larger time window for administering the two-drug regimen（养生法） raises the prospect³ that it could become a mainstay of the response to public health threats such as a nuclear power plant accident or nuclear terror attack.

In a paper published online by the journal Science Translational Medicine, the scientists report the beneficial effects, in mice, of a combination of a fluoroquinolone antibiotic⁴ (similar to the commonly used human antibiotic ciprofloxacin, or "Cipro") and a synthetic⁵ version of the natural human infection-fighting protein BPI. Mice that received the combination a day after being exposed to high doses of radiation fared far better than mice that received neither or only one of the agents. Whereas radiation exposures of that magnitude almost always prove fatal within a month, 80 percent of the mice that received the two agents were alive and apparently⁶ healthy a month into the study.

The study's lead author is Eva Guinan, MD, of Dana-Farber, and the senior author is Ofer Levy⁷, MD, PhD, of Children's Hospital Boston.

The investigators⁸ also found that the ability to generate new blood cells -- which can shut down in the aftermath of radiation exposure -- rebounded⁹ much more quickly and vigorously in the mice treated with fluoroquinolone and rBPI21 (the synthetic version of BPI), potentially contributing to their return to health.

"Both fluoroquinolone antibiotics¹⁰ and rBPI21 have been shown to be quite safe in humans," says Levy. "Their combined effectiveness in our study involving mice is an indication that they may be equally beneficial in people."

The research potentially represents a major step in the United States government's efforts to build a stockpile（库存） of therapies to counter radiological dangers.

"There is great interest in creating systems for dealing¹¹ with the short- and long-term health risks of a significant release of radiation, whether from an accident at a nuclear power plant, an act of terrorism, or even a small-scale incident in which a CT machine malfunctions," says Guinan. "Developing useful agents has proven difficult. Most existing drugs aren't effective enough and must be given within a very short time frame to provide any benefit. The recent disaster at the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan illustrates¹² the need for agents that can be deployed¹³ rapidly to treat large populations."

Radiation sickness, also known as acute radiation syndrome¹⁴, varies with the amount of radiation an individual receives. The first signs of the disease usually are nausea¹⁵（恶心） and vomiting¹⁷, which can be followed by fever, dizziness, weakness, bloody¹⁸ vomit¹⁶ and stools, difficulty breathing, and infection. The body's blood-making tissue, nervous system, digestive tract¹⁹, lungs, and cardiovascular system all can be affected²⁰. At very high doses, radiation is usually fatal.

Within the body, the effects of heavy radiation may include leakage²¹ of bacteria and the toxins²² they produce into the bloodstream from the digestive tract or through broken skin. Radiation effects play havoc²³ with（毁坏） the function of the heart and lungs, disrupt the process of blood coagulation²⁴（血凝固） , and inflame²⁵ tissue throughout the body.