流言具有社会和心理效益

For centuries, gossip has been dismissed as salacious（猥亵的） , idle chatter¹ that can damage reputations and erode² trust. But a new study from the University of California, Berkeley, suggests rumor-mongering can have positive outcomes such as helping³ us police bad behavior, prevent exploitation and lower stress. "Gossip gets a bad rap, but we're finding evidence that it plays a critical role in the maintenance of social order," said UC Berkeley social psychologist Robb Willer, a coauthor of the study published in this month's online issue of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology⁴.

The study also found that gossip can be therapeutic⁵. Volunteers' heart rates increased when they witnessed someone behaving badly, but this increase was tempered when they were able to pass on the information to alert others.

"Spreading information about the person whom they had seen behave badly tended to make people feel better, quieting the frustration⁶ that drove their gossip," Willer said.

So strong is the urge to warn others about unsavory（令人讨厌的） characters that participants in the UC Berkeley study sacrificed money to send a "gossip note" to warn those about to play against cheaters in economic trust games. Overall, the findings indicate that people need not feel bad about revealing the vices⁷ of others, especially if it helps save someone from exploitation, the researchers said.

"We shouldn't feel guilty for gossiping if the gossip helps prevent others from being taken advantage of," said Matthew Feinberg, a UC Berkeley social psychologist and lead author of the paper.

The study focused on "prosocial" gossip that "has the function of warning others about untrustworthy or dishonest people," said Willer, as opposed to the voyeuristic⁸ rumor-mongering about the ups and downs of such tabloid⁹ celebrities¹⁰ as Kim Kardashian and Charlie Sheen.

In a series of four experiments, researchers used games in which the players' generosity¹¹ toward each other was measured by how many dollars or points they shared. In the first experiment, 51 volunteers were hooked up to heart rate monitors as they observed the scores of two people playing the game. After a couple of rounds, the observers could see that one player was not playing by the rules and was hoarding¹² all the points.

Observers' heart rates increased as they witnessed the cheating, and most seized the opportunity to slip a "gossip note" to warn a new player that his or her contender was unlikely to play fair. The experience of passing on the information calmed this rise in heart rate.

"Passing on the gossip note ameliorated（改善，减轻） their negative feelings and tempered their frustration," Willer said. "Gossiping made them feel better."

In the second experiment, 111 participants filled out questionnaires about their level of altruism¹³ and cooperativeness. They then observed monitors showing the scores from three rounds of the economic trust game, and saw that one player was cheating.

The more prosocial observers reported feeling frustrated¹⁴ by the betrayal and then relieved to be given a chance to pass a gossip note to the next player to prevent exploitation.