火山活动与水晶生成

A forensic¹（法院的，辩论的） approach that links changes deep below a volcano to signals at the surface is described by scientists from the University of Bristol in a paper published May 24 in Science. The research could ultimately help to predict future volcanic² eruptions⁴ with greater accuracy. Using forensic-style chemical analysis, Dr Kate Saunders and colleagues directly linked seismic⁵ observations of the deadly 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption³ to crystal growth within the magma（岩浆） chamber⁶, the large underground pool of liquid rock beneath the volcano.

Over 500 million people live close to volcanoes which may erupt with little or no clear warning, causing widespread devastation⁷, disruption to aviation and even global effects on climate. Many of the world's volcanoes are monitored for changes such as increases in seismicity or ground deformation⁸. However, an on-going problem for volcanologists is directly linking observations at the surface to processes occurring underground.

Dr Saunders and colleagues studied zoned⁹ crystals, which grow concentrically like tree rings within the magma body. Individual zones have subtly different chemical compositions, reflecting the changes in physical conditions within the magma chamber and thus giving an indication of volcanic processes and the timescales over which they occur.

Chemical analysis of the crystals revealed evidence of pulses of magma into a growing chamber within the volcano. Peaks in crystal growth were found to correlate with increased seismicity and gas emissions¹⁰ in the months prior to the eruption.

Dr Saunders said: "Such a correlation¹¹ between crystal growth and volcanic seismicity has been long anticipated, but to see such clear evidence of this relationship is remarkable¹²."

This forensic approach can be applied¹³ to other active volcanoes to shed new light upon the nature and timescale of pre-eruptive activity. This will help scientists to evaluate monitoring signals at restless（焦躁不安的） volcanoes and improve forecasting of future eruptions.

The research was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC).