氮污染改变了落基山国家公园内植被

A new study led by the University of Colorado Boulder¹ indicates air pollution in the form of nitrogen compounds emanating² from power plants, automobiles³ and agriculture is changing the alpine⁴ vegetation（高山植被） in Rocky Mountain National Park. The emissions⁵ of nitrogen compounds to the atmosphere are being carried to remote areas of the park, altering sensitive ecosystems⁶, said CU-Boulder Professor William Bowman, who directs CU-Boulder's Mountain Research Station west of Boulder and who led the study. "The changes are subtle, but important," he said. "They represent a first step in a series of changes which may be relatively⁷ irreversible."

In other regions of the world, higher amounts of nitrogen pollutants⁸ correlate with decreased biodiversity, acidified（酸化） soils and dead stream organisms like trout⁹, said Bowman. "There is evidence that indicates once these changes occur, they can be difficult if not impossible to reverse. It is best to recognize these early stages before the more harmful later stages happen."

The study site was an alpine meadow roughly one mile east of Chapin Pass in the Mummy Range of Rocky Mountain National Park. Bowman and his team analyzed¹⁰ the plant communities and soils under ambient levels of nitrogen deposition¹¹ and compared them to plots with added nitrogen to simulate the increasing atmospheric¹² nitrogen pollution expected in the coming decades. The results indicated changes in plant abundances already were occurring under ambient（周围的） conditions, but to date no changes in soils were detected.

During the course of the three-year study, rising levels of nitrogen in the soils correlated with large increases in a common species of sedge shown to flourish in other nitrogen addition studies. Bowman said the team anticipates that the diversity of vascular¹³（血管的） plant species will rise with increasing nitrogen deposition, then decrease with more rare species being excluded by competition from other plant species. "While the changes are relatively modest, they portend¹⁴ that other more environmentally adverse¹⁵ impacts may be on the horizon in Colorado's alpine areas," said Bowman.

A paper on the subject was published in the June issue of the Journal of Environmental Management. Co-authors on the study included John Murgel, a former CU-Boulder undergraduate student now completing graduate work at Colorado State University, and Tamara Blett and Ellen Porter of the Air Resources Division of the National Park Service in Lakewood, Colo. The study was funded by the National Park Service.

Previous studies by Bowman and others have shown vegetation changes and soil acidification has been occurring due to increasing nitrogen deposition at other alpine sites in Colorado, including Niwot Ridge¹⁶. Niwot Ridge is a National Science Foundation-funded Long-Term Ecological¹⁷ Research site administered by CU-Boulder and located adjacent to the university's Mountain Research Station located some 30 miles west of the city.