天文学家拍摄超高清晰的太阳日冕层

Astronomers² have just released the highest-resolution images ever taken of the Sun's corona³（日冕） , or million-degree outer atmosphere, in an extreme-ultraviolet wavelength⁴ of light. The 16-megapixel images were captured by NASA's High Resolution Coronal Imager, or Hi-C, which was launched on a sounding rocket on July 11th. The Hi-C telescope provides five times more detail than the next-best observations by NASA's Solar Dynamics⁵ Observatory⁶. "Even though this mission was only a few minutes long, it marks a big breakthrough in coronal studies," said Smithsonian astronomer¹ Leon Golub (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics), one of the lead investigators⁷ on the mission.

 

Understanding the Sun's activity and its effects on Earth's environment was the critical scientific objective of Hi-C, which provided unprecedented⁸ views of the dynamic activity and structure in the solar atmosphere.

 

The corona surrounds the visible surface of the Sun. It's filled with million-degree ionized gas, or plasma⁹, so hot that the light it emits is mainly at X-ray and extreme-ultraviolet wavelengths¹⁰. For decades, solar scientists have been trying to understand why the corona is so hot, and why it erupts in violent solar flares¹¹ and related blasts known as "coronal mass ejections," which can produce harmful effects when they hit Earth. The Hi-C telescope was designed and built to see the extremely fine structures thought to be responsible for the Sun's dynamic behavior.

 

"The phrase 'think globally, act locally' applies to the Sun too. Things happening at a small, local scale can impact the entire Sun and result in an eruption," explained Golub.

 

Hi-C focused on an active region on the Sun near sunspot NOAA 1520. The target, which was finalized¹² on launch day, was selected specifically for its large size and active nature. The resulting high-resolution snapshots, at a wavelength of 19.3 nanometers (25 times shorter than the wavelength of visible light), reveal tangled¹³ magnetic fields channeling the solar plasma（等离子体） into a range of complex structures.

 

"We have an exceptional instrument and launched at the right time," said Jonathan Cirtain, senior heliophysicist at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center. "Because of the intense solar activity we're seeing right now, we were able to clearly focus on a sizeable, active sunspot and achieve our imaging goals."

 

Since Hi-C rode on a suborbital rocket, its flight lasted for just 10 minutes. Of that time, only about 330 seconds were spent taking data. Yet those images contain a wealth of information that astronomers will analyze¹⁴ for months to come.

 

"The Hi-C flight might be the most productive five minutes I've ever spent," Golub smiled.

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