气候变化加速了害虫的扩散

 

Researchers from the universities of Exeter and Oxford² have found crop pests are moving at an average of 3km (two miles) a year. 

 

The team said they were heading towards the north and south poles, and were establishing in areas that were once too cold for them to live in.

 

The research is published in the journal Nature Climate Change. 

 

Currently, it is estimated that between 10% and 16% of the world's crops are lost to disease outbreaks. The researchers warn that rising global temperatures could make the problem worse. 

 

Dr Dan Bebber, the lead author of the study from the University of Exeter, said: "Global food security is one of the major challenges we are going to face over the next few decades. 

 

"We really don't want to be losing any more of our crops than is absolutely necessary to pests and pathogens."

 

 

To investigate the problem, the researchers looked at the records of 612 crop pests and pathogens from around the world that had been collected over the past 50 years.

 

These included fungi³, such as wheat rust⁴, which is devastating⁵ harvests in Africa, the Middle East and Asia; insects like the mountain pine beetle⁶ that is destroying trees in the US; as well as bacteria, viruses and microscopic⁷ nematode（线虫） worms.

 

Each organism's distribution was different - some butterflies and insects were shifting quickly, at about 20km a year; other bacterium⁸ species had hardly moved. On average, however, the pests had been spreading by 3km each year since 1960.

 

"We detect a shift in their distribution away form the equator and towards the poles," explained Dr Bebber,

 

The researchers believe that the global trade in crops is mainly responsible for the movement of pests and pathogens from country to country. 

 

However, the organisms can only take hold in new areas if the conditions are suitable, and the researchers believe that warming temperatures have enabled the creature to survive at higher latitudes⁹. 

 

Dr Bebber said: "The most convincing hypothesis is that global warming has caused this shift.

 

"One example is the Colorado potato beetle. Warming appears to have allowed it to move northwards through Europe to into Finland and Norway where the cold winters would normally knock the beetle back."

 

The researchers said that better information about where the pests and pathogens were and where they were moving was needed to fully¹⁰ assess the scale of the problem.

 

"We also need to protect our borders, we have to quarantine plants to reduce the chances that pests and pathogens are able to get into our agricultural systems," added Dr Bebber.

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