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At length it was the eve of Old Lady-Day, and the agricultural world was in a fever of mobility1 such as only occurs at that particular date of the year. It is a day of fulfilment; agreements for outdoor service during the ensuing year, entered into at Candlemas, are to be now carried out. The labourers - or `workfolk', as they used to call themselves immemorially till the other word was introduced from without - who wish to remain no longer in old places are removing to the new farms. These annual migrations2 from farm to farm were on the increase here. When Tess's mother was a child the majority of the field-folk about Marlott had remained all their lives on one farm, which had been the home also of their fathers and grandfathers; but latterly the desire for yearly removal had risen to a high pitch. With the younger families it was a pleasant excitement which might possibly be an advantage. The Egypt of one family was the Land of Promise to the family who saw it from a distance, till by residence there it became in turn their Egypt also; and so they changed and changed. However, all the mutations so increasingly discernible in village life did not originate entirely3 in the agricultural unrest. A depopulation was also going on. The village had formerly4 contained, side by side with the agricultural labourers, an interesting and better informed class, ranking distinctly above the former - the class to which Tess's father and mother had belonged - and including the carpenter, the smith, the shoemaker, the huckster, together with nondescript workers other than farm-labourers; a set of people who owed a certain stability of aim and conduct to the fact of their being life-holders like Tess's father, or copyholders, or, occasionally, small freeholders. But as the long holdings fell in they were seldom again let to similar tenants5, and were mostly pulled down, if not absolutely required by the farmer for his hands. Cottagers who were not directly employed on the land were looked upon with disfavour, and the banishment6 of some starved the trade of others, who were thus obliged to follow. These families, who had formed the backbone7 of the village life in the past, who were the depositaries of the village traditions, had to seek refuge in the large centres; the process, humorously designated by statisticians as `the tendency of the rural population towards the large towns', being really the tendency of water to flow uphill when forced by machinery8. The cottage accommodation at Marlott having been in this manner considerably9 curtailed10 by demolitions11, every house which remained standing12 was required by the agriculturist for his workpeople. Ever since the occurrence of the event which had cast such a shadow over Tess's life, the Durbeyfield family (whose descent was not credited) had been tacitly looked on as one which would have to go when their lease ended, if only in the interests of morality. It was, indeed, quite true that the household had not been shining examples either of temperance, soberness, or chastity. The father, and even the mother, had got drunk at times, the younger children seldom had gone to church, and the eldest13 daughter had made queer unions. By some means the village had to kept pure. So on this, the first Lady-Day on which the Durbeyfields were expellable, the house, being roomy, was required for a carter with a large family; and Widow Joan, her daughters Tess and 'Liza-Lu, the boy Abraham and the younger children, had to go elsewhere. On the evening preceding their removal it was getting dark betimes by reason of a drizzling14 rain which blurred15 the sky. As it was the last night they would spend in the village which had been their home and birthplace, Mrs Durbeyfield, 'Liza-Lu, and Abraham had gone out to bid some friends good-bye, and Tess was keeping house till they should return. She was kneeling in the window-bench, her face close to the casement16, where an outer pane17 of rainwater was sliding down the inner pane of glass. Her eyes rested on the web of a spider, probably starved long ago, which had been mistakenly placed in a corner where no flies ever came, and shivered in the slight draught18 through the casement. Tess was reflecting on the position of the household, in which she perceived her own evil influence. Had she not come home her mother and the children might probably have been allowed to stay on as weekly tenants. But she had been observed almost immediately on her return by some people of scrupulous19 character and great influence: they had seen her idling in the churchyard, restoring as well as she could with a little trowel a baby's obliterated20 grave. By this means they had found that she was living here again; her mother was scolded for `harbouring' her; sharp retorts had ensued from Joan, who had independently offered to leave at once; she had been taken at her word; and here was the result. `I ought never to have come home,' said Tess to herself, bitterly. She was so intent upon these thoughts that she hardly at first took note of a man in a white mackintosh whom she saw riding down the street. Possibly it was owing to her face being near to the pane that he saw her so quickly, and directed his horse so close to the cottage-front that his hoofs21 were almost upon the narrow border for plants growing under the wall. It was not till he touched the window with his riding-crop that she observed him. The rain had nearly ceased, and she opened the casement in obedience22 to his gesture. `Didn't you see me?' asked d'Urberville. `I was not attending,' she said. `I heard you, I believe, though I fancied it was a carriage and horses. I was in a sort of dream.' `Ah! you heard the d'Urberville Coach, perhaps. You know the legend, I suppose?' `No. My - somebody was going to tell it me once, but didn't.' `If you are a genuine d'Urberville I ought not to tell you either, I suppose. As for me, I'm a sham23 one, so it doesn't matter. It is rather dismal24. It is that this sound of a non-existent coach can only be heard by one of d'Urberville blood, and it is held to be of ill-omen to the one who hears it. It has to do with a murder, committed by one of the family, centuries ago.' `Now you have begun it finish it.' `Very well. One of the family is said to have abducted25 some beautiful woman, who tried to escape from the coach in which he was carrying her off, and in the struggle he killed her - or she killed him - I forget which. Such is one version of the tale... . I see that your tubs and buckets are packed. Going away, aren't you?' `Yes, to-morrow - Old Lady-Day.' `I heard you were, but could hardly believe it; it seems so sudden. Why is it?' `Father's was the last life on the property, and when that dropped we had no further right to stay. Though we might, perhaps,have stayed as weekly tenants-if it had not been for me.' `What about you?' `I am not a - proper woman.' D'Urberville's face flushed. `What a blasted shame! Miserable26 snobs27! May their dirty souls be burnt to cinders28!' he exclaimed in tones of ironic29 resentment30. `That's why you are going, is it? Turned out?' `We are not turned out exactly; but as they said we should have to go soon, it was best to go now everybody was moving, because there are better chances.' `Where are you going to?' `Kingsbere. We have taken rooms there. Mother is so foolish about father's people that she will go there.' `But your mother's family are not fit for lodgings31, and in a little hole of a town like that. Now why not come to my garden-house at Trantridge? There are hardly any poultry32 now, since my mother's death; but there's the house, as you know it, and the garden. It can be whitewashed33 in a day, and your mother can live there quite comfortably; and I will put the children to a good school. Really I ought to do something for you!' `But we have already taken the rooms at Kingsbere!' she declared. `And we can wait there------' `Wait - what for? For that nice husband, no doubt. Now look here, Tess, I know what men are, and, bearing in mind the grounds of your separation, I am quite positive he will never make it up with you. Now, though I have been your enemy, I am your friend, even if you won't believe it. Come to this cottage of mine. We'll get up a regular colony of fowls34, and your mother can attend to them excellently; and the children can go to school.' Tess breathed more and more quickly, and at length she said-- `How do I know that you would do all this? Your views may change - and then - we should be - my mother would be homeless again.' `O no - no. I would guarantee you against such as that in writing necessary. Think it over.' Tess shook her head. But d'Urberville persisted; she had seldom seen him so determined35; he would not take a negative. `Please just tell your mother,' he said, in emphatic36 tones. `It is her business to judge - not yours. I shall get the house swept out and whitened to-morrow morning, and fires lit; and it will be dry by the evening, so that you can come straight there. Now mind, I shall expect you.' Tess again shook her head; her throat swelling38 with complicated emotion. She could not look up at d'Urberville. `I owe you something for the past, you know,' he resumed. `And you cured me, too, of that craze; so I am glad--' `I would rather you had kept the craze, so that you had kept the practice which went with it!' `I am glad of this opportunity of repaying you a little. Tomorrow I shall expect to hear your mother's goods unloading... .Give me your hand on it now - dear, beautiful Tess!' With the last sentence he had dropped his voice to a murmur39, and put his hand in at the half-open casement. With stormy eyes she pulled the stay-bar quickly, and, in doing so, caught his arm between the casement and the stone mullion. `Damnation - you are very cruel!' he said, snatching out his arm. `No, no! - I know you didn't do it on purpose. Well, I shall expect you, or your mother and the children at least.' `I shall not come - I have plenty of money!' she cried. `Where?' `At my father-in-law's, if I ask for it.' `If you ask for it. But you won't, Tess; I know you; you'll never ask for it - you'll starve first!' With these words he rode off. just at the corner of the street he met the man with the paint-pot, who asked him if he had deserted40 the brethren. `You go to the devil!' said d'Urberville. Tess remained where she was a long while, till a sudden rebellious41 sense of injustice42 caused the region of her eyes to swell37 with the rush of hot tears thither43. Her husband, Angel Clare himself, had, like others, dealt out hard measure to her, surely he had! She had never before admitted such a thought; but he had surely! Never in her life - she could swear it from the bottom of her soul had she ever intended to do wrong; yet these hard judgments44 had come. Whatever her sins, they were not sins of intention, but of inadvertence, and why should she have been punished so persistently45? She passionately46 seized the first piece of paper that came to hand, and scribbled47 the following lines: O why have you treated me so monstrously48, Angel! I do not deserve it. I have thought it all over carefully, and I can never, never forgive you! You know that I did not intend to wrong you - why have you so wronged me? You are cruel, cruel indeed! I will try to forget you. It is all injustice I have received at your hands! T. It grew darker, the fire-light shining over the room. The two biggest of the younger children had gone out with their mother; the four smallest, their ages ranging from three-and-a-half years to eleven, all in black frocks, were gathered round the hearth50 babbling51 their own little subjects. Tess at length joined them, without lighting52 a candle. `This is the last night that we shall sleep here, dears, in the house where we were born,' she said quickly. `We ought to think of it, oughtn't we?' They all became silent; with the impressibility of their age they were ready to burst into tears at the picture of finality she had conjured53 up, though all the day hitherto they had been rejoicing in the idea of a new place. Tess changed the subject. `Sing to me, dears,' she said. `What shall we sing?' `Anything you know; I don't mind.' There was a momentary54 pause; it was broken, first, by one little tentative note; then a second voice strengthened it, and a third and a fourth chimed in unison55, with words they had learnt at the Sunday-school-- Here we suffer grief and pain, The four sang on with the phlegmatic56 passivity of persons who had long ago settled the question, and there being no mistake about it, felt that further thought was not required. With features strained hard to enunciate57 the syllables58 they continued to regard the centre of the flickering59 fire, the notes of the youngest straying over into the pauses of the rest. Not in utter nakedness To her and her like, birth itself was an ordeal62 of degrading personal compulsion, whose gratuitousness63 nothing in the result seemed to justify64, and at best could only palliate. `I see the tracks of a horse outside the window,' said Joan. `Hev somebody called?' `No,' said Tess. The children by the fire looked gravely at her, and one murmured -- `Why, Tess, the gentleman a-horseback!' `He didn't call,' said Tess. `He spoke65 to me in passing.' `Who was the gentleman?' asked her mother. `Your husband?' `No. He'll never, never come,' answered Tess in stony66 hopelessness. `Then who was it?' `Oh, you needn't ask. You've seen him before, and so have I.' `Ah! What did he say?' said Joan curiously67. `I will tell you when we are settled in our lodgings at Kingsbere to-morrow - every word.' It was not her husband, she had said. Yet a consciousness that in a physical sense this man alone was her husband seemed to weigh on her more and more. 终于到了旧历圣母节的前夕,农业界的人忙着搬家的热烈场面,只有在一年中这个特别的日子里才会出现。这一天是合同期满的日子,在烛光节签订的下一年的户外劳动合同,也要从这一天开始。那些不愿意继续在老地方工作的庄稼汉——或者叫劳工,他们自古以来都叫自己庄稼汉,劳工这个词是从外面的世界引进来的——就要搬到新的农场上去。 但是,乡村生活中所有这些越来越明显的变动,并不完全是因为农业界的不稳定产生的。农村人口在继续减少。从前在乡村里,还有另外一个有趣的、见识广的阶级同种地的庄稼汉居住在一起,他们的地位比庄稼汉高,苔丝的父亲和母亲属于这个阶级,这个阶级包括木匠、铁匠、鞋匠、小贩,还有一些除了种地的庄稼汉而外的不好分类的人。他们这一班人都有固定的目的和职业,有的和苔丝的父亲一样,是不动产的终身所有人,也有的是副本持有不动产的人,有时候也有一些小不动产所有人。但是他们长期租住的房屋一经到期,就很少再租给相同的佃户,除非是农场主绝对需要这些房屋给他的雇工住,不然大部分房屋都被拆除。那些不是被直接雇来干活的住户,都不大受到欢迎,有些人被赶走以后,留下来的人生意受到影响,也只好跟着走了。这些家庭是过去乡村生活中的主体,保存着乡村的生活传统,现在只好逃到更大的生活中心避难了;关于这个过程,统计学家幽默地称为“农村人口流向城市的趋势”,这种趋势,其实同向下流的水由于机械的作用向山上流是一样的。 他们四个人一起唱着,那种神情就好像老早已经把问题解决了并且解决得没有错误的人,觉得不需要多加考虑了,所以神情冷静呆板。他们的脸一个个都很紧张,使劲地唱着每一个音节,同时还不住地去看中间闪烁不定的火焰,最小那个孩子还唱得错了节拍。 在苔丝和苔丝这样的人看来,下世为人本身就是卑鄙的个人欲望遭受的痛苦,从结果来看,也好像无法让它合乎道理,至多只能减轻一些痛苦。 点击收听单词发音
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