Maternal¹ depression（沮丧，萧条） can worsen asthma²（哮喘） symptoms in their children, according to research from Johns Hopkins Children's Center published online in the Journal of Pediatric Psychology³. Analyzing⁴ data from interviews with 262 mothers of African-American children with asthma — a population disproportionately affected⁵ by this inflammatory（煽动性的，发炎的） airway⁶ disorder⁷ — the Hopkins investigators⁹ found that children whose mothers had more depressive symptoms had more frequent asthma symptoms during the six-months of the study. Conversely, children whose mothers reported fewer depressive symptoms had less frequent asthma symptoms.

Researchers tracked ups and downs in maternal depression as related to the frequency of symptoms among children.

"Even though our research was not set up to measure just how much a mom's depression increased the frequency of her child's symptoms, a clear pattern emerged in which the latter followed the earlier," says senior investigator⁸ Kristin Riekert, Ph.D., a pediatric（儿科的） psychologist（心理学家） and co-director of the Johns Hopkins Adherence¹⁰ Research Center.

But while maternal depression appeared to aggravate¹¹ a child's asthma, the opposite was not true: How often a child had symptoms did not seem to affect the mother's depressive symptoms, an important finding that suggests maternal depression is an independent risk factor that can portend¹²（预知，前兆） a child's symptoms, researchers say.

Past studies have shown that children with chronic¹³（长期的，慢性的） health conditions fare worse if their primary caregiver（照顾者，保姆） is depressed¹⁴, but none have teased（欺负，嘲弄） out the exact interplay（相互影响） between the two.

"Intuitively, it may seem that we're dealing¹⁵ with a chicken-egg situation, but our study suggests otherwise," Riekert says. "The fact that mom's depression was not affected by how often her child had symptoms really caught us off guard, but it also suggested which factor comes first."

Researchers did not study why and how a mother's depression affects a child's asthma status, but because depression often involves fatigue¹⁶（疲乏，疲劳）, memory lapses¹⁷ and difficulty concentrating（注意力不集中）, it can affect a parent's ability to manage the child's chronic condition, which can involve daily, and sometimes complex, drug regimens and frequent visits to the doctor.

"Mom is the one who must implement¹⁸（实现，执行） the doctor's recommendations（推荐，介绍） for treatment and follow-up, and if she is depressed she can't do it well, so the child will suffer," says lead investigator Michiko Otsuki, Ph.D., a behavioral medicine fellow at Johns Hopkins at the time of the study, now at the University of South Florida St. Petersburg.

Investigators say their findings should prompt pediatricians（小儿科医师） who treat children with asthma to pay close attention to the child's primary caregiver — whether or not it is the mother — and screen and refer them for treatment if needed.

"We ask these parents if they are smokers¹⁹ all the time, so maybe it's time to start asking them if they are coping well emotionally," said co-investigator Arlene Butz, Sc.D., a pediatric asthma specialist at Johns Hopkins Children's Center. "Doctors are trained to pick up on subtle（微妙的，敏感的） clues, so if they see a red flag in mom, they should follow-up with a depression screener and referral（提及，参考） if needed."

Treating depressed mothers whose children are at high-risk for asthma complications will likely benefit both mother and child, researchers say, while providing a clear treatment target to help reduce the burden of asthma in the United States. Asthma is the country's leading pediatric chronic illness, affecting 6.5 million children under the age of 18, according to the CDC.

The Hopkins study included only mothers but investigators believe a similar pattern would emerge regardless of who the primary caregiver is.

Researchers caution that the mothers in their study were screened for depression with a standard questionnaire（调查表）, which is a reliable detector²⁰ of symptoms but not a firm diagnosis²¹.

The Hopkins findings came from a high-risk, inner-city population and thus cannot be statistically²² extended to other ethnic²³ and socioeconomic（社会经济的） groups, but researchers say the effect of caregiver depression on a child's asthma likely transcends²⁴（超越） demographics（人口统计数据）.