When bombs and bullets left 37 dead during Friday prayers at a mosque清真寺 in Pakistan, earlier this month, the insurgency叛乱，暴动 was using the element of surprise. Unpredictability不可预见性 is the hallmark品质证明，特点 of modern insurgent³ attacks such as this one. However, the likelihood可能性 of such events, their timing⁴ and strength can now be estimated and managed before occurring, according to a new study by researchers at the University of Miami. The study entitled "Common Ecology Quantifies Human Insurgency²" is featured as the cover of the December 17, 2009 issue of the scientific journal Nature. The University of Miami (UM) researchers and their collaborators合作者 analyzed⁵ the size and timing of 54,679 violent events reported in Afghanistan, Colombia, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Northern Ireland, Peru, Senegal and Sierra Leone. The findings show that there is a generic⁶ way in which humans carry out insurgency and terrorism when faced by a large powerful state force, and this is irrespective of不论，不考虑 background history, motivation, ideology⁷, politics and location, explains Neil Johnson, principal investigator⁸ of the study and professor of Physics at the UM College of Arts and Sciences.

"We have found a unified⁹ model of modern insurgent wars that shows a fundamental pattern in the apparent chaos¹⁰混沌，混乱 of wars," says Johnson. "In practical terms, our analysis can be used to create and explore scenarios情节, make predictions and assess评定，估价 risks, for present and future wars."

The study finds a common statistical¹² distribution for insurgency attacks that is significantly different to the distribution of attacks in traditional wars. This finding supports the belief that insurgent wars represent "fourth generation warfare¹³" with different dynamics¹⁴动力学 from conventional wars.

"Despite the many different discussions of various wars, different historical features, tribes, geography and cause, we find that the way humans fight modern (present and probably future) wars is the same," he says. "Just like traffic patterns in Tokyo, London and Miami are pretty much the same."

The unified model of human insurgency establishes a quantitative¹⁵ connection between insurgency, global terrorism and ecology, and this model demonstrates that insurgency behaves like a "soup-of-groups, with no permanent network or leaders, but with common decision-making processes," says Johnson. This "mathematical数学的，精确的 law of war" challenges traditional ideas of insurgency based on rigid¹⁶ hierarchies¹⁷阶层，分层 and networks, explains Johnson.

Interestingly, this model of human insurgency bears a "striking similarity" to models of crowd behavior of financial markets. Therefore, in addition to除……之外 its academic and practical contribution to understanding and managing human conflict, "it also suggests a possible link between collective human dynamics in violent and non-violent settings," says Johnson.

In the future, Johnson and his collaborators plan to explore what would happen if a third population is added to the analysis, such as a peacekeeping mission; how should they be deployed展开，部署 in order to minimize casualties? They also hope to apply this understanding of conflict to other areas. For example, in the medical field, a virus might be represented by an insurgency, while the state army is the immune system and a blocking drug may be the peacekeepers. "We are starting to explore its applications in other 'wars', such as the personal battle of a patient with cancer," Johnson says.