In an important first for a promising¹ new technology, scientists have used a quantum量子 computer to calculate the precise energy of molecular²分子的 hydrogen. This groundbreaking开创性的 approach to molecular simulations could have profound implications not just for quantum chemistry, but also for a range of fields from cryptography密码学 to materials science. "One of the most important problems for many theoretical chemists is how to execute exact simulations of chemical systems," says author Alán Aspuru-Guzik, assistant professor of chemistry and chemical biology at Harvard University. "This is the first time that a quantum computer has been built to provide these precise calculations."

The work, described this week in Nature Chemistry, comes from a partnership³ between Aspuru-Guzik's team of theoretical chemists at Harvard and a group of experimental physicists⁴ led by Andrew White at the University of Queensland in Brisbane, Australia. Aspuru-Guzik's team coordinated⁵ experimental design and performed key calculations, while his partners in Australia assembled the physical "computer" and ran the experiments.

"We were the software guys," says Aspuru-Guzik, "and they were the hardware guys."

While modern supercomputers can perform approximate大概的，近似的 simulations of simple molecular systems, increasing the size of the system results in an exponential指数的 increase in computation time. Quantum computing⁶ has been heralded通报，宣布 for its potential to solve certain types of problems that are impossible for conventional computers to crack.

Rather than using binary⁸二元的 bits labeled as "zero" and "one" to encode data, as in a conventional computer, quantum computing stores information in qubits量子比特, which can represent both "zero" and "one" simultaneously⁹. When a quantum computer is put to work on a problem, it considers all possible answers by simultaneously arranging its qubits into every combination of "zeroes" and "ones."

Since one sequence of qubits can represent many different numbers, a quantum computer would make far fewer computations than a conventional one in solving some problems. After the computer's work is done, a measurement of its qubits provides the answer.

"Because classical computers don't scale efficiently¹⁰, if you simulate anything larger than four or five atoms -- for example, a chemical reaction, or even a moderately complex molecule¹¹ -- it becomes an intractable棘手的，难治的 problem very quickly," says author James Whitfield, research assistant in chemistry and chemical biology at Harvard. "Approximate computations of such systems are usually the best chemists can do."

Aspuru-Guzik and his colleagues confronted遭遇，面对 this problem with a conceptually elegant高雅的，讲究的 idea.

"If it is computationally too complex to simulate a quantum system using a classical computer," he says, "why not simulate quantum systems with another quantum system?"

Such an approach could, in theory, result in highly precise calculations while using a fraction部分，稍微 the resources of conventional computing.

While a number of other physical systems could serve as a computer framework, Aspuru-Guzik's colleagues in Australia used the information encoded in two entangled¹²卷入的，被缠住的 photons to conduct their hydrogen molecule simulations. Each calculated energy level was the result of 20 such quantum measurements, resulting in a highly precise measurement of each geometric几何学的 state of molecular hydrogen.

"This approach to computation represents an entirely¹³ new way of providing exact solutions to a range of problems for which the conventional wisdom is that approximation接近，近似值 is the only possibility," says Aspuru-Guzik.

Ultimately, the same quantum computer that could transform Internet cryptography could also calculate the lowest energy conformations of molecules¹⁴ as complex as cholesterol胆固醇.