Researchers have made a breakthrough in HIV research that had eluded逃避，躲避 scientists for over 20 years, potentially leading to better treatments for HIV, in a study published today in the journal Nature. The researchers, from Imperial College London and Harvard University, have grown a crystal水晶，结晶 that reveals the structure of an enzyme酶 called integrase整合酶, which is found in retroviruses逆转录酶病毒 like HIV. When HIV infects someone, it uses integrase to paste a copy of its genetic³ information into their DNA⁴.

Prior to在之前 the new study, which was funded by the Medical Research Council and the US National Institutes of Health, many researchers had tried and failed to work out the three-dimensional structure of integrase bound to viral滤过性毒菌引起的 DNA. New antiretroviral drugs病毒药物 for HIV work by blocking integrase, but scientists did not understand exactly how these drugs were working or how to improve them.

Researchers can only determine the structure of this kind of molecular⁵分子的 machinery⁶ by obtaining high quality crystals. For the new study, researchers grew a crystal using a version of integrase borrowed from a little-known retrovirus called Prototype原型，标准 Foamy⁷ Virus泡沫病毒 (PFV). Based on their knowledge of PFV integrase and its function, they were confident that it was very similar to its HIV counterpart.

Over the course of four years, the researchers carried out over 40,000 trials, out of which they were able to grow just seven kinds of crystals. Only one of these was of sufficient quality to allow determination of the three-dimensional structure.

Dr Peter Cherepanov, the lead author of the study from the Department of Medicine at Imperial College London, said: "It is a truly amazing story. When we started out, we knew that the project was very difficult, and that many tricks had already been tried and given up by others long ago. Therefore, we went back to square one and started by looking for a better model of HIV integrase, which could be more amenable有责任的 for crystallization结晶化. Despite initially⁹ painstakingly煞费苦心地 slow progress and very many failed attempts, we did not give up and our effort was finally rewarded."

After growing the crystals in the lab, the researchers used the giant synchrotron同步加速器 machine at the Diamond Light Source in South Oxfordshire to collect X-ray diffraction衍射，绕射 data from these crystals, which enabled them to determine the long-sought structure. The researchers then soaked浸湿 the crystals in solutions of the integrase inhibiting¹² drugs Raltegravir (also known as Isentress) and Elvitegravir and observed for the first time how these antiretroviral drugs bind¹³ to and inactivate¹⁴ integrase.

The new study shows that retroviral integrase has quite a different structure to that which had been predicted based on earlier research. Availability of the integrase structure means that researchers can begin to fully¹⁵ understand how existing drugs that inhibit抑制，禁止 integrase are working, how they might be improved, and how to stop HIV developing resistance to对……的抵抗 them.