The entry of oil companies into the realm（领域，范围） of renewable energy could present major obstacles（障碍，阻碍） for the development of a sustainable（持久的，可持续性的） economy that is not based on carbon resources, according to a report in the International Journal of Green Economics. Jack¹ Reardon of the Department of Management & Economics, at Hamline University, in St. Paul, Minnesota, explains that how the transition（过渡，转变） from carbon to renewable proceeds will depend on whose values are solicited² and whose voices are listened to in the process. He suggests that should the large international oil companies (IOCs) endeavor to enter this arena³ in a significant way that will present a possible obstacle to the transition that will preclude⁴（妨碍，排除） the emergence⁵ of democratic, distributed and green economics based on wind, solar, and other renewable resources.

Ideally, green economics will see a switch from an energy intensive and consumption-focused society economy that perpetuates⁶ poverty, gender⁷ inequalities and environmental degeneration（退化，堕落） to one of sustainability that circumvents⁸ the carbon-based energy regime. If, however, present trends continue, then by 2030, global energy demand will increase 45%, with China and India accounting⁹ for just over half the increase and oil consumption will increase from 85 million barrels per day to 106 with all of the projected increase from non-OECD countries and four-fifths of the projected increase from China.

Given such an unrelenting（无情的，不屈不挠的） addiction¹⁰ to fossil fuels, it will not be a surprise if energy-related carbon dioxide emissions¹¹ and the release of other atmospheric¹² greenhouse gases will increase 45% by 2030. "Arresting this unsustainable and potentially catastrophic increase is a central focus of green economics," says Reardon.

Given the monopolistic（垄断的，专利的） and powerful positions adopted by the oil companies since the beginning of the modern oil age in the nineteenth century, it is almost inevitable¹³ that their entry into the renewable arena will not be without problems. "A palpable（可感知的，明显的） lesson is that if oil companies enter the renewable industry, the latter could potentially be transformed along a hierarchical（分层的，等级体系的） and centralized structure, which contravenes¹⁴（违反，抵触） the widely dispersed¹⁵（分散的） and readily available nature of renewable energy sources, particularly wind and solar," Reardon fears. He suggests that now is the time to "map a democratic and equitable¹⁶ transition."