A team of paleontologists（古生物学者） has discovered a new dinosaur¹ species they're calling Abydosaurus, which belongs to the group of gigantic, long-necked, long-tailed, four-legged, plant-eating dinosaurs² such as Brachiosaurus（腕龙） . In a rare twist, they recovered four heads – two still fully³ intact（完整的，原封不动的） – from a quarry（来源，采石场） in Dinosaur National Monument in eastern Utah. Complete skulls⁴ have been recovered for only eight of more than 120 known varieties of sauropod（蜥脚类动物） .

"Their heads are built lighter⁵ than mammal（哺乳动物） skulls because they sit way out（出口，解决之道） at the end of very long necks," said Brooks⁶ Britt, a paleontologist at Brigham Young University. "Instead of thick bones fused together（融合） , sauropod skulls are made of thin bones bound together by soft tissue. Usually it falls apart quickly after death and disintegrates⁷（碎裂，瓦解） ."

Britt is a co-author on the discovery paper scheduled to appear in the journal Naturwissenshaften.

The lead author is Daniel Chure, a paleontologist at Dinosaur National Monument, who has no trouble boiling down（归结，煮浓） the significance of the discovery.

"We've got skulls!" he shouted with sweeping⁸ hand（长秒针） gestures during a recent visit to the site.

BYU geology students and faculty⁹ resorted to jackhammers（手提钻） and concrete saws（锯片） to cut through the hardened 105-million-year-old sandstone containing the bones. At one point the National Park Service called in a crew to blast away（炸掉，炸毁） the overlying rock（覆盖岩石） with explosives.

The skulls are temporarily on display at BYU's Museum of Paleontology, where visitors can also watch BYU students prepare other bones from Abydosaurus.

"The hardest bone I personally have worked on is a vertebra（椎骨，脊椎） that was half-eroded before discovery and is so fragile that it crumbles¹⁰（弄碎） if you look at it wrong," said Kimmy Hales, a geology major studying vertebrate paleontology（古生物学） at BYU. "The funnest project I have worked on was a set of five toe bones. Each toe bone was larger than my hand."

Analysis of the bones indicates that the closest relative of Abydosaurus is Brachiosaurus, which lived 45 million years earlier. The four Abydosaurus specimens¹¹ were all juveniles¹²（稚气，少年） .

Most of what scientists know about sauropods is from the neck down, but the skulls from Abydosaurus give a few clues about how the largest land animals to roam the earth ate their food.

"They didn't chew their food; they just grabbed it and swallowed it," Britt said. "The skulls are only one two-hundredth of total body volume and don't have an elaborate（详尽的） chewing system."

All sauropods ate plants and continually replaced their teeth throughout their lives. In the Jurassic Period, sauropods exhibited a wide range of tooth shapes. But by the end of the dinosaur age, all sauropods had narrow, pencil-like teeth.

Abydosaurus teeth are somewhere in between, reflecting a trend toward smaller teeth and more rapid tooth replacement¹³.

The fossils were excavated¹⁴ from the Cedar¹⁵ Mountain Formation in Dinosaur National Monument near Vernal, Utah. The site is just a quarter of a mile away from the condemned¹⁶ visitor center that displays thousands of bones that remain in place on an uplifted slab¹⁷（厚片，平板） of sandstone.

University of Michigan researchers John Whitlock and Jeffrey Wilson are also co-authors on the study.