With millions of gallons crude oil（原油） being spewed（喷涌，呕吐） into the Gulf¹ of Mexico from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill（漏油，浮油） , the focus now is on shutting down the leak. However, in the cleanup efforts to come, "extreme caution" must be exercised so as not to make a bad situation even worse, says a leading bioremediation（生物除污） expert with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab). "The concentration of detergents²（清洁剂，洗涤剂） and other chemicals used to clean up sites contaminated（污染） by oil spills can cause environmental nightmares of their own," says Terry Hazen, a microbial（微生物的） ecologist in Berkeley Lab's Earth Sciences Division who has studied such notorious oil-spill sites as the Exxon Valdez spill into Alaska's Prince William Sound.

"It is important to remember that oil is a biological product and can be degraded by microbes, both on and beneath the surface of the water," Hazen says. "Some of the detergents that are typically used to clean-up spill sites are more toxic³ than the oil itself, in which case it would be better to leave the site alone and allow microbes to do what they do best."

The Deepwater Horizon oil rig（石油钻塔） leased by energy giant BP that exploded on April 20, is now estimated to be disgorging（吐出） some 210,000 gallons of oil a day into the Gulf of Mexico. To contain the spreading oil slick and keep it from polluting the fragile ecosystems⁴ of the Gulf coast and the Mississippi delta⁵, clean-up crews have deployed⁶ an array of chemical dispersants（分散剂） , oil skimmers and booms. They have also attempted to burn off some of the surface oil. Such aggressive clean-up efforts are fraught⁷ with（充满，带有） unintended consequences, Hazen warns. He cites as prime examples the Amoco Cadiz and the Exxon Valdez disasters.

In 1978, an oil tanker⁸, the Amoco Cadiz, split in two about three miles off the coast of Normandy, releasing about 227,000 tons heavy crude oil that ultimately stained nearly 200 miles of coastline. The spill-site was so large that only the areas of greatest economic impact were treated with detergents. Large areas in the more remote parts of the coast went untreated.

"The untreated coastal⁹ areas were fully¹⁰ recovered within five years of the Amoco Cadiz spill," says Hazen. "As for the treated areas, ecological¹¹ studies show that 30 years later, those areas still have not recovered."

In March of 1989, the oil supertanker Exxon Valdez spilled 11 million gallons of crude oil into the Prince William Sound and impacted some 1,300 miles of coastline. It remains¹² the largest oil spill in U.S. history. A combination of detergents and bioremediation were used in the clean-up. The detergents were nutrient¹³ rich, being high in phosphorous（含磷的） and nitrogen compounds. In addition, as part of the bioremediation effort, fertilizers were also used to promote microbial growth. After the first year, the treated areas were dramatically cleaner, Hazen says, but after the second year no improvements were observed. Long-term prospects¹⁴ for the treated area are grim.

"What happened was that we took an oligotrophic（营养不足的） (low nutrient) environment, and added lots of nutrients¹⁵ to it to speed up the degradation¹⁶ of the oil, which we probably did," Hazen says. "However, we upset the ecological balance of the system, which could not handle the influx¹⁷ of nutrients. As a result, the severe environmental damage resulting from the spill is expected to persist for decades to come."

While improvements to detergents have been made, including some degree of biodegradability, they remain nutrient rich and in some cases more toxic to the environment than crude oil.

"From a clean-up standpoint, right now we should be using sorbents（吸着剂） to take up as much of the oil as possible," Hazen says. "Then we need to gauge¹⁸ how quickly and completely this oil can be degraded without human intervention¹⁹."