Patients who encounter serious lung diseases in middle age, despite an absence of family history or other predisposing（素因性的） factors, may still have their genes² to blame, according to a new study conducted by researchers at the National Institute of Allergy³ and Infectious Diseases, part of the National Institutes of Health. The study also determined⁴ that the use of a simple screening test may help identify those genetic⁵ abnormalities and allow detection before the onset⁶ of disease.

"Earlier reports have indicated a correlation⁷（相关，关联） between certain nontuberculous mycobacterial respiratory（呼吸的） infections and specific gene¹ abnormalities," noted⁸ lead author Kenneth Olivier, M.D., M.P.H., NIAID staff clinician. "The results of this study confirm the correlation, and indicate the usefulness of simple testing in identifying these abnormalities, especially in an older population."

The results will be reported at the ATS 2010 International Conference in New Orleans.

The study of 32 patients focused on the movement of cilia（纤毛，睫毛） , the tiny hair-like filaments⁹（花丝，灯丝） that line the respiratory tract¹⁰. In normal respiration¹¹, cilia help move dust and other fine particles out of the airway¹², keeping passages clear of harmful bacteria and other pathogens（病原体） . When cilia are altered as the result of genetic mutation¹³, they may fail to function properly, allowing disease-causing bacteria to build up.

"Genetic abnormalities in this clearance¹⁴ mechanism¹⁵ may predispose（预先处理） some older individuals to the development of certain pulmonary（有肺的） diseases, even though those individuals do not appear to have any predisposing factors," Dr. Olivier said.

Physicians can determine whether patients are at risk of the cilia not functioning correctly through a simple, noninvasive test that measures the levels of nitric oxide¹⁶（氧化一氮） produced in the nose and sinuses（鼻窦） . In patients who are predisposed to nontuberculous lung diseases, Dr. Olivier noted nitric oxide levels significantly lower than those of healthy individuals.

"Measurement of nasal（鼻的） nitric oxide production is easily performed, and can be an effective and noninvasive screen for identifying patients who may have abnormal ciliary function," he said. However, the screening test may also be abnormal for some patients with cystic fibrosis or acute viral respiratory infections, he added.

In patients with no known risk factors for lung disease, identifying which individuals are most likely to develop illness has posed a dilemma¹⁷ for physicians. Dr. Olivier said the results of this study may help researchers determine additional genetic abnormalities that could cause lung disease to develop, and may even lead to effective treatments.

"These results may lead to better understanding of predisposing genetic factors that will allow identification of at-risk individuals before the typical middle-age disease onset," he noted. "It may also allow development of preventive strategies or therapeutic¹⁸ interventions¹⁹ aimed at correcting airway clearance deficiencies（缺陷，不足） ."

"The next step is to focus on the identification of mutations in genes associated with ciliary dysfunction（功能紊乱） , to search for as yet unidentified novel cilia genes, and to utilize²⁰ evolving technologies to better characterize genetic risks in patients with these diseases," he added.