An international group of researchers has identified the genetic² cause of an inherited condition that causes severe foetal（胎儿的） abnormalities. The work, co-led by geneticists at the University of Leeds, together with colleagues from institutes and universities in Paris, Rome and San Diego, should allow couples at risk of conceiving（怀孕，设想） babies with the profoundly disabling Meckel-Gruber and Joubert syndromes⁴（综合症） to be identified beforehand through genetic screening.

Their findings, which show how the disease gene¹ stops cells' finger-like antennae⁵（天线，触须） or 'cilia' from detecting and relaying information, may ultimately lead to treatments for more common related disorders⁷, such as spina bifida（脊柱裂） and polycystic（多囊肾） kidney disease. The paper is published in Nature Genetics today.

"By understanding the science behind this relatively⁸ rare condition, we can gain insight into other developmental conditions that are less serious but far more frequent," said University of Leeds researcher Professor Colin A. Johnson. "Spina bifida, for example, is one of the most common birth defects, affecting in one in every 1000 children."

Meckel-Gruber syndrome³ and Joubert syndrome are part of a wider family of disorders known as 'ciliopathies' – so-called because the cilia（纤毛，睫毛） are not working as they should and do not respond properly to signals.

This lack of communication can prevent the neural⁹ tube（神经管） from developing correctly in growing embryos¹¹, leading to abnormalities in the brain. Affected¹² embryos can also develop abnormalities in the eyes, extra fingers or toes, and multiple cysts（囊，囊肿） in their kidneys. These defects are often only picked up on a 12 week ultrasound scan.

To find the gene responsible for Meckel-Gruber and Joubert syndromes, the researchers examined DNA¹³ from families with a history of the disorder⁶, from skin cells donated by patients, and from cells grown in the laboratory. They also studied zebrafish, which have very visible embryos.

The work identified a previously¹⁴ unknown gene – TMEM216 – as a cause of Meckel-Gruber and Joubert syndromes. They also showed that the faulty TMEM216 gene stopped cells from making a protein that is needed for signalling.

Because Meckel-Gruber and Joubert syndromes are recessive¹⁵ genetic disorders, only couples who both have a copy of the disease gene are at risk of conceiving babies with these birth defects.

The condition is more common in certain close-knit populations where the gene has been passed down from generation to generation. These include families of Ashkenazi Jewish origin.

"Accurate genetic testing for TMEM216 will be particularly important for families throughout the world that have a history of ciliopathies caused by mutations to this gene," said Professor Johnson.

"Now that we have identified a gene that causes Meckel-Gruber syndrome and Joubert syndrome, the role of particular signalling pathways whilst the embryo¹⁰ is developing can also be more clearly understood," he added.