The robust¹（强健的） jaws² and formidable（强大的，可怕的） teeth of some of our ancestors and ape（类人猿） cousins may suggest that humans are wimps⁴ when it comes to producing a powerful bite: but a new study has found the opposite is true, with major implications for our understanding of diet in ancestral（祖先的） humans. The surprise findings suggest that early modern humans did not necessarily need to use tools and cooking to process high-nutrient hard foods, such as nuts - and perhaps less tough foods such as meat - but may have lost an ability to eat very tough items, such as tubers（块茎） or leaves.

In the first comparison of its kind, Australian researchers have found that the lightly built human skull⁵ has a far more efficient bite than those of the chimp⁶, gorilla⁷（大猩猩） and orang-utan, and of two prehistoric⁸（史前的，陈旧的） members of our family, Australopithecus africanus（南天猿人） and Paranthropus boisei（傍人鲍氏种） .

They found that modern humans can achieve relatively⁹ high bite forces using less-powerful jaw³ muscles. In short, the human skull does not have to be as robust because, for any given bite force, the sum of forces acting¹⁰ on the human skull is much less.

These results also explain the apparent inconsistency（不一致） of very thick tooth enamel¹¹（搪瓷，珐琅） in modern humans – a feature typically associated with high bite forces in other species. Thick enamel and large human tooth roots are well adapted to take high loads when biting.

The study appears in a paper in the journal Proceedings¹² of the Royal Society B by a team led by Dr Stephen Wroe, of the Computational Biomechanics Research Group in the UNSW's School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences. They used sophisticated three-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis to compare digital models of actual skulls¹³ that had been CAT-scanned.

The technique, adapted from engineering, provides a highly detailed¹⁴ view of where stresses occur in materials under loads designed to mimic¹⁵ actual scenarios¹⁶. Wroe's team has previously¹⁷ used this approach to study the jaw mechanics of living and extinct species as varied¹⁸ as the great white shark and the sabre-toothed tiger.

These result calls into question previous suggestions that the evolution of a less robust skull in modern humans involved a trade-off for a weaker bite or was necessarily a response to behavioural changes, such as switching to softer foods or more processing of foods with tools and cooking. It has also been suggested that human jaw muscles were reduced to make way for a larger brain.

"However plausible¹⁹（貌似可信的） those ideas may seem they have been based on very little by way of comparative data: for example, there are no actual records of bite force collected from living members of any other ape species, " says Dr Wroe. "It turns out that we don't have a wimpish²⁰（无用的，懦弱的） bite at all – it is very efficient and powerful.

"When we're biting down in vertical²¹ plane（垂直面） , at the back of the jaw our bite is about 40-50% more efficient than it is for all great apes. It's even more efficient when biting at the front of the jaw.

"We've only looked at two extinct hominins in this study, but, for our size, we humans are comparable in terms of maximum bite force to these fossil species, which include 'nutcracker（胡桃钳，瘪嘴） man', renowned²² for its particularly massive skull and jaw muscles. Size matters, but efficiency matters more – and humans are very efficient biters.

"Importantly though, our study focuses on the generation of peak bite forces over short time spans. The jaws of other species may be better adapted to maintain chewing over long periods. This means that although humans are up there with great apes in their ability to quickly crack open a hard item, such as a large nut, or process less tough foods, such as meat, they may be less well adapted to process tough material, such as leaves or bamboo, which requires sustained chewing over a long period."