Adding nutrients² to the sea could decrease viral infection（病毒性感染） rates among phytoplankton（浮游植物） and enhance the efficiency of the biological pump, a means by which carbon is transferred from the atmosphere to the deep ocean, according to a new mathematical modelling（数学模型） study. The findings, published in the Journal of Theoretical Biology, have implications（含义，影响） for ocean geo-engineering schemes proposed for tackling global warming. Tiny free-floating algae³（海藻） called phytoplankton dominate biological production in the world's oceans and sit at the base of the marine⁴ food web. Their population dynamics⁵（种群动态，人口动态） are controlled by sunlight, nutrient¹ availability, grazing by tiny planktonic⁶ animals (zooplankton) and mortality caused by viral infection.

"Viruses are the most abundant organism in the world's oceans, and it is thought that all phytoplankton species are susceptible⁷ to infection. Our aim was to model the interaction between viruses, phytoplankton, zooplankton（浮游动物） grazing and nutrient levels," said Dr Adrian Martin of the National oceanography Centre (NOC), who collaborated⁸ in the project with Dr Christopher Rhodes, a bio-mathematician at Imperial College London.

The researchers took an 'eco-epidemic' modelling approach, taking into account the mutual⁹ interaction between the effects of ecology and disease epidemiology（流行病学） . This approach has been used previously¹⁰ to model the effects of infection by pathogens（病原体） on the population dynamics of mammals and invertebrate¹¹（无脊椎的） animals.

They considered only the case of lytic viruses（裂解病毒） , which are the commonest type of virus infecting marine phytoplankton. Lytic viruses inject their DNA¹² into host cells and use the host's replication machinery¹³ to produce new viral particles. The host cell eventually ruptures¹⁴（破裂） , releasing the new viruses along with their cell contents, which are incorporated back into the ambient（周围的，外界的） nutrient pool.

The interaction between viruses, phytoplankton, zooplankton grazing and nutrient levels produces subtle（微妙的，精细的） feedbacks and complex dynamics, which present a challenge to modellers. Rhodes and Martin therefore used three models of sequentially increasing complexity¹⁵, so as to understand the key factors driving the dynamics and to increase confidence in the robustness¹⁶ of the model predictions.

The models predict that decreased nutrient levels correspond to high viral infection rates among phytoplankton.

On the other hand, increased nutrient levels are predicted to decrease viral infection rates. This means that more of the carbon contained in phytoplankton would be available to zooplankton and other creatures higher up the food chain.

When these organisms die, a proportion of the associated carbon would sink down to the deep ocean, where it could be locked away for centuries, rather than being released back to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. This mechanism¹⁷ for exporting carbon to the deep ocean is called the biological carbon pump.

Artificial enhancement of the biological carbon pump by fertilizing¹⁸ the oceans with nutrients has been proposed as a possible geo-engineering 'fix' for global warming caused by the increase of atmospheric¹⁹ carbon dioxide from anthropogenic（人为的） sources.

"The decrease in viral infection rates caused by artificially adding nutrients to the sea could in the future benefit humans by increasing the efficiency of the biological carbon pump, making these proposed ocean geo-engineering schemes more viable²⁰（可行的） ," said Dr Rhodes.